危难救助者的行政补偿研究

在现实生活中,危难救助者的损失往往得不到应有的赔偿或补偿,导致人们对危难救助行为心存疑虑.然而,随着风险社会的出现及其程度不断加深,在防范和化解风险过程中,一种最有效的途径无疑是让社会大众共同分担救助他人的义务,这相当于为国家履行职责.因此,国家的责任不可或缺.根据行政补偿理论中的公共负担平等说,国家应当对危难救助者给予行政补偿,以弥补其因救助行为所造成的损失.     

建设我国高素质行政执法队伍的宏观构想

行政执法队伍是党的执政队伍的重要组成部分,是推进党的事业发展的坚强基石。坚持和发展中国特色社会主义,关键在于建设一支政治坚定、能力过硬、作风优良、奋发有为的执政骨干队伍。本文从社会主义法治理念的角度分析了我国行政执法过程中存在的主要问题,提出了建设我国高素质行政执法队伍的总体思路和宏观构想。     

磁珠DNA自动提取系统在法医检验中的应用

磁珠DNA自动提取系统是将磁珠分离技术与DNA自动提取工作站结合运用,以达到高效提取DNA的目的,它具有操作时间短、准确性高、检材用量少等特点,特别适用于大批量生物检材的快速提取,是目前主流的DNA自动化提取方法。本文对磁珠DNA自动提取系统的基本组成、工作原理、操作流程及其在法医检验领域中的应用等进行了综述,并对该系统的发展前景进行了展望。     

智能型物证管理系统的应用

加强物证保管工作,是推进执法规范化建设的迫切需要,是适应法制建设的迫切需要,是提高我国公安机关执法办案质量的迫切需求。本文针对当前国内刑事科学技术工作中物证保管存在的问题,研究并建立了智能型物证管理系统,对加强新时期刑事科学技术工作具有指导意义。     

浅谈刑事案件中的“情况说明”

"情况说明"这一证据材料在刑事司法实践中大量存在并作为定案证据被广泛运用。然而其特殊的表现形式又未见于法定的八类证据之中。不是所有的"情况说明"都具有证据的属性。通过对"情况说明"证据属性的梳理,我们发现"情况说明"除了不能担当犯罪嫌疑人、被告人供述和辩解、视听资料、勘验、检查、辨认、侦查实验笔录这三类证据之外,可以成为其他四类证据。     

试论非法证据排除的程序规制——关于完善庭审阶段非法证据排除的裁判程序的思考

防止冤假错案,维护程序公正,实现惩罚犯罪与保障人权的统一,非法证据排除规则的制定,可谓任重道远。无疑,法律的颁布不等于实施。除了刑事法官的价值观念、法律思维、职业习惯的主观因素影响及刑事司法实践的客观因素作用,作为价值性冲突规范,非法证据排除规则的理解、适用仍有其难处。本文以庭审阶段非法证据排除的程序规制为切入点,拟从法解释学的角度,结合本土刑事司法实践特征,以求进一步明晰非法证据排除规则的运用,从而更为有效地实施排除规则。     

税务和解对行政和解的扩张——以案件范围为中心

《税务行政复议规则》第八十六条和《行政复议实施条例》第四十条均是对和解的案件范围的表述.通过从这两个有关和解范围的条文对比,不难看出税务和解较行政和解有扩张之趋势,税务和解作为税务行政机关纠纷解决的内部机制,其扩张必然会对司法审查和纳税人权利保护产生相当大地冲击,对其必须加以限制.     

循证矫正的价值与推进方案研究

循证矫正是一种矫正罪犯的新理念、新方法,当下中国引入这一理念和方法,必须充分理解“循”与“证”的内涵,正确认识循证矫正在我国罪犯矫正领域应用的实践价值,科学设计我国循证矫正实践推进的可行性方案.     

Understanding of forensic expert reports by judges,defense lawyers and forensic professionals

Forensic scientists strongly advocate the use of likelihood ratios for expressing the diagnostic value of evidence in technical forensic reports. They call this the logically correct approach. The correct comprehension of such likelihood ratios by jurists, however, appears to be particularly problematic. The present research has empirically investigated this issue for defense lawyers and criminal judges. For comparative purposes forensic professionals, many of whom use the logically correct approach, were included in the study as well.

Using fictitious forensic reports, it was shown that proper understanding of likelihood ratios by jurists is quite poor, due mainly, but not exclusively, to the prosecutor's fallacy. Forensic professionals outperformed jurists to a large extent but made many mistakes themselves. It is further shown that participants’ self-expressed supposed level of understanding of logically correct conclusions is quite high and thus not justified by their levels of proper understanding. Suggestions for how to improve the situation are presented.     

Identifying and measuring juror pre-trial bias for forensic evidence: development and validation of the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias Scale

Abstract

Previous research has provided support for the impact of juror pre-trial bias on judicial decision making, particularly in cases where the evidence presented at trial is of weak or ambiguous probative value. In an effort to identify whether a pre-trial bias for forensic evidence exists, the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias Scale (FEEBS) was developed and tested. The results of a principal components analysis suggested that two distinct constructs were being measured, corresponding to a pro-prosecution and pro-defence bias toward forensic evidence. In a second validation study, scores on these two subscales were compared with other existing juror bias measures (Juror Bias Scale and Belief in a Just World) and in a mock juror decision making task only the pro-prosecution subscale of the FEEBS predicted the perceived strength of forensic evidence. A partial mediation model is presented which explains the relationship between this bias and verdict preferences. The implications of this potential juror bias are discussed in the context of real juries, the CSI Effect (which refers to anecdotal claims that jurors are biased by the popularity of fictional representations of forensic science on television) and peremptory challenges, as well as future research directions.