De Novo Advanced Adult‐Onset Offending: New Evidence from a Population of Federal Correctional Clients

Adult antisocial behavior is almost always predated by delinquency during childhood or adolescence; however, there is also evidence of adult‐onset criminal offending. This study examined this controversial subgroup of offenders using self‐reported and official data from a total population of federal correctional clients selected from the Midwestern United States. Difference of means t‐tests, chi‐square tests, and logistic regression models found that 11.7% of clients had an adult onset of offending and 2.7% of clients (n = 23) had an onset occurring at age 60 years or older. This group—introduced as de novo advanced adult‐onset offenders—had high socioeconomic status, mixed evidence of adverse childhood experiences, and virtually no usage of drugs with the exception of alcohol. These offenders were primarily convicted of social security and white‐collar crimes and evinced remarkably low psychopathology and criminal risk. More research is needed to replicate the phenomenon of de novo advanced adult‐onset offending.     

Challenges to inmate classification in a developing country setting: implications for context-based inmate classification schemes

Inmate classification is a key aspect of prison management and inmate programming. It guides inmate housing assignment, level of supervision and control, and inmate programme placement. The Philippines formally incorporated these principles to modernise its prisons. However, structural, organisational, and cultural challenges posed barriers to successful implementation. Utilising qualitative data gathered through interviews and focus group discussions with prison personnel, inmates, and volunteers in a major prison in the Philippines, this paper investigates the practices that impact on inmate classification and how these affect housing assignment, levels of supervision and control, and inmate programming. Implications towards developing an integrated correctional management in the Philippines, and other similarly situated countries, are discussed.     

日本成年人监护制度的最新发展及对我国立法的启示

成年人监护制度及其与之配套的社会保障制度已成为市场经济国家不可缺少的重要制度,是社会稳定的安全网和经济发展的调节器,日本已形成了一套相对完善的体系。针对我国高龄化的社会背景,在引进任意监护制度和辅助制度,引进“平常化”和“对自我决定的尊重”等外国的先进理念时;同时也要注重法律体系的和谐,发挥本土法律优势。     

痰热清注射液联合抗生素治疗非重症成人社区获得性肺炎疗效观察

目的 探讨痰热清注射液联合抗生素治疗非重症成人社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia,CAP）的临床疗效。方法 将60例非重症成人CAP患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例,对照组采用青霉素类/酶抑制剂复合物（哌拉西林舒巴坦）或三代头孢菌素（头孢唑肟）进行抗感染治疗,观察组在对照组基础上采用痰热清注射液静脉滴注。两组患者均连续治疗10 d后,比较两组临床疗效、临床症状改善情况、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、C-反应蛋白（c-reactive protein,CRP）的变化情况及不良反应。结果 观察组临床疗效优于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组退热时间及啰音消失时间均短于对照组（P<0.05）;两组治疗后白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、CRP水平均低于同组治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组在降低白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、CRP水平方面优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 痰热清注射液联合抗生素治疗非重症成人CAP能够有效改善患者的临床症状,降低白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值以及CRP水平。     

用系统论思想指导成人高校管理体制改革

成人高校的内部管理体制改革应以系统论的思想为指导 ,按照系统的整体性、结构性、层次性、开放性的要求设计改革方案和实施改革     

THE JUVENILE PENALTY: A COMPARISON OF JUVENILE AND YOUNG ADULT SENTENCING OUTCOMES IN CRIMINAL COURT*

This study uses criminal court data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (PCS) to investigate the sentencing of juvenile offenders processed in adult criminal court by comparing their sentencing outcomes to those of young adult offenders in similar situations. Because the expanded juvenile exclusion and transfer policies of the 1990s have led to an increase in the number of juveniles convicted in adult courts, we argue that it is critical to better understand the judicial decision making processes involved. We introduce competitive hypotheses on the relative leniency or severity of sentencing outcomes for transferred juveniles and interpret our results with the focal concerns theoretical perspective on sentencing. Our findings indicate that juvenile offenders in adult court are sentenced more severely than their young adult counterparts. Moreover, findings suggest that juvenile status interacts with and conditions the effects of other important sentencing factors including offense type, offense severity and prior criminal record. We discuss these results as they relate to immediate outcomes for transferred juveniles, criminal court processes in general and the broader social implications for juvenile justice policy concerning the transfer of juveniles to criminal court.     

Abolishing Illiteracy and Upgrading Culture: Adult Education and Revolutionary Hegemony in Socialist Laos

ABSTRACT

This article examines the monopolisation of political space by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, before and after 1975. Together with coercive measures, the Marxist-Leninist regime consolidated rule by establishing and disseminating new concepts of state power, social responsibility and socialist subjectivity, which formed the basis of a radical form of revolutionary hegemony. The Party propagated a new rhetoric of rule through mandated activities including village meetings, co-operatives and a much expanded but poor-quality mass education system. This article examines the system of adult education, where the Party sought to eradicate illiteracy and “upgrade culture” among economically productive 15 to 45-year-olds. Motivated by both politics and pedagogy, the Party imported this system from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the 1960s before institutionalising it after 1975. The resulting organisational structure fanned the rhetoric of rule across the national territory in an extensive manner that reached the illiterate “masses” in large numbers. Even where the programme encountered material shortages and apathy, mandated participation in adult education propagated the vocabulary and grammatical structure of socialist Laos, providing a codebook for how to participate in socialist society.     

论“儿童是成人之父”

“儿童是成人之父”这一思想为我们认识儿童提供了一个广阔而深远的进化论视野。它不仅使我们在儿童那里感受到生命进化的神奇，也使我们体悟到个体生命的绵远历史。“儿童是成人之父”这一思想的提出是对父权本位观念的反叛，它标志着传统的成人与儿童的关系发生了一种革命性转换。“儿童是成人之父”这一思想对于促进传统儿童观的现代转换具有重要意义。由于儿童教育都自觉或不自觉地以儿童观为其前提，因此，儿童观的这种现代转换又必然影响着教育观的变革     

目前成人高校学生入学动机浅析

目前 ,成人高校学生年龄呈现低龄化态势 ,其入学动机也各不相同 ,大致可分为遵循型动机 ,实用型动机和成就型动机。成人高校教育工作者要因势利导 ,做好教育引导工作。