Mental Disorder, Violence, and Gender

Recent studies have reported comparable rates of violence among men and women with mental disorder, raising important issues for clinical risk assessment. This study examines the relationship between gender and violence using data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Patients in acute psychiatric wards were interviewed 5 times over the year following their discharge to the community. Results showed some differences between men and women in the violence committed immediately following discharge, with rates for men being higher. But the prevalence of violence over the 1 year was similar for female and male discharged patients. However, there were substantial gender differences in the situational context of the violence committed. Men were more likely to have been drinking or using street drugs, and less likely to have been adhering to prescribed psychotropic medication, prior to committing violence. The violence committed by men was more likely to result in serious injury than the violence committed by women, and men were more likely than women to be arrested after committing a violent act. Women were more likely to target family members and to be violent in the home.     

滋肾通络祛浊法治疗糖尿病肾病肾功能不全失代偿期临床研究

目的:观察滋肾通络祛浊法治疗糖尿病肾病肾功能不全失代偿期的临床疗效.方法:将69例糖尿病肾病肾功能不全失代偿期患者随机分为治疗组35例和对照组34例,治疗组在基础治疗同时服用滋肾通络祛浊中药,对照组在基础治疗同时服用百令胶囊.观察两组患者临床疗效、中医证候积分以及糖代谢、脂代谢和肾功能等生化指标的变化.结果:治疗组中医证候积分显著低于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组总有效率(71.43%)和稳定率(91.43%)均显著高于对照组的26.47%、54.29%(P<0.01);治疗组肾功能异常、血脂紊乱、糖代谢紊乱显著改善,且优于对照组(P<0.01).结论:滋肾通络祛浊法为主治疗糖尿病肾病肾功能不全失代偿期,具有改善肾功能和临床症状及调节血脂的作用.     

Homeland and its use of bipolar disorder for sensationalist and dramatic effect

When a lead character in a critically acclaimed and award-winning television programme is depicted as a proficient and meticulous heroine with a mental disorder, it is crucial to examine if this reflects a change in the media depiction of people with mental illness. This article employs framing analysis to examine the portrayal of lead CIA agent with bipolar disorder, Carrie Mathison, in Homeland. Although the show did initially associate competence, intellect and astuteness to this character, as it progressed, the framing decisions used for dramatic and sensational purposes ultimately presented Mathison within the usual stereotypical depictions: as impulsive, irrational, unpredictable, unstable, dangerous and disordered. Given the popularity of the show, responsible depictions should take priority over dramatic effect at the expense of a character with mental illness because sufferers may be deterred in speaking about their illness and seeking appropriate treatment if such negative themes persist.     

Developmental Antecedents of Interpartner Violence in a New Zealand Birth Cohort

This paper examines the developmental antecedents of interpartner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration in a New Zealand birth cohort (n = 828). The study found: (a) IPV occurred in 70% of relationships, with conflict ranging from minor psychological abuse to severe assault; (b) men and women reported similar experiences of victimization and perpetration of IPV; (c) exposure to abuse in childhood, family dysfunction and adversity, childhood and adolescent conduct problems, and alcohol abuse/dependence were significant predictors of IPV victimization and perpetration at age 25; and (d) the antecedents of IPV were largely the same for males and females, although the specific effects of these risk factors differed according to gender. Conduct disorder was more strongly predictive of IPV for females, whereas family adversity was more strongly predictive of IPV victimisation for males.     

心因性精神障碍与犯罪行为（附5例报告）

目前，在司法精神病学鉴定中，尚缺乏心因性精神障碍与犯罪行为关系方面的报告。本文统计了我院自１９８８年至１９９１年司法精神病学鉴定案例，其中心因性精神障碍案例占６．２％，本文报告了其中５个典型案例，并就心因性精神障碍与犯罪行为之间的关系及其责任能力的判定进行了讨论。     

Is delusional ideation a critical link in the nexus between personality disorder and violent offending?

Evidence suggests that consideration of personality disorder (PD) severity, incorporating both externalising and internalising features of PD, might help to clarify the PD – violence relationship; moreover, that separate developmental pathways might link externalising and internalising personality pathology with criminal violence. This study of 96 forensic patients with confirmed PD and a history of violent offending addressed the question of whether delusional ideation, measured by the Peters Delusions Inventory, might play a significant role in the link between severe PD and criminal violence. Severe PD, defined by summing scores across DSM-IV PD criteria, was significantly associated with delusional thinking, with violence, and with high levels of both externalising and internalising personality features. Delusional thinking was associated with violence via internalising but not externalising PD features, suggesting that the link between severe PD and violence may be partly mediated by delusional thinking.     

Failings of Trauma‐Specific and Related Psychological Tests in Detecting Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Forensic Settings

Judges and juries tend to be particularly impressed by test data, especially quantitative test data. Psychometric tests specific for assessing the presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commonly employed by forensic mental health evaluators. Most of these instruments, however, have been designed to detect PTSD in treatment or research, and not forensic, settings. Those who rely on these measures without adequate awareness of their often significant limits in correctly identifying malingering may induce finders of fact to inordinately confidently accept the presence of PTSD. This article reviews problematic structural and content components of trauma‐specific and related instruments used to evaluate PTSD and discusses the utility of specific techniques liable to be used in forensic settings to “fool” these measures.     

理性市场秩序呼唤道德支持——规范市场秩序的伦理思考

市场秩序混乱是我国当前经济生活中十分突出的问题.本文对这一经济现象从伦理道德的角度加以审视,认为理性的市场秩序既是一种经济秩序,也是一种伦理道德秩序.市场失序不仅源于制度约束机制的软化,在更深层次上,它是转型时期社会伦理道德失范在经济领域的反映,是伦理上层建筑对经济生活反作用的集中表现.因此,道德秩序是市场秩序的精神支柱,活而有序的市场机制的建立既要有完备的法规体系作保障,又要有相应的伦理价值观念予以支撑.     

颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的相关因素研究

目的探讨颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的相关因素。方法以成都市公安交通管理局事故处理大队提供的因道路交通事故造成颅脑损伤的255名存活者为研究对象,在颅脑损伤治疗终结后进行智商测验、记忆商测验、SCID -I评估、PDQC和SCICP评估、脑电地形图检查,并完成人口学资料的收集。依据CCMD-3诊断标准中有关器质性精神障碍的分类进行精神障碍的诊断。结果 255例颅脑损伤患者中,罹患各类精神障碍者共185例,发生率为 72．5％。与颅脑损伤所致精神障碍相关的因素有:患者的文化程度低、脑挫裂伤、脑损伤程度重、左额叶和左颞叶损伤、多脑叶联合损伤及BEAM异常程度重。结论颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的发生率较高;患者的文化程度、颅脑损伤的性质、程度、部位及多脑叶联合损伤等因素对精神障碍的发生具有一定影响。     

实验性糖尿病大鼠胃壁内一氧化氮合酶与胃电节律失常关系

目的：研究糖尿病大鼠胃动力障碍发生的电生理机制及胃壁内一氧化氮合酶(NOS)神经细胞分布；探讨健脾活血法中药“脾胃康”治疗糖尿病大鼠胃动力障碍作用机制。方法：同步记录对照组、中药组、链脲佐菌素所致糖尿病模型组清洁级雄性SD大鼠胃窦部的胃电活动，并应用NDP组织化学染色。结果：发现糖尿病组大鼠与对照组和中药组大鼠相比，胃电慢波频率及振幅明显下降；胃电节律失常；慢波频率变异系数(CV)及异常节律指数(ARI)显增加；胃肌间神经丛的氮能神经含量明显增加。结论：脾胃康可通过降低糖尿病组大鼠氮能神经的含量，使糖尿病大鼠胃电失常得到改善。