Inter- and intra-subject variability in ethanol pharmacokinetic parameters: effects of testing interval and dose

Calculation of a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at the time of an offence by forward or back-extrapolation, using population average values for ethanol pharmacokinetic parameters or a single estimate of individual specific parameters, ignores the possibility of inter- and intra-subject variability. In order to estimate inter- and intra-subject variability in the elimination rate and absorption rate, BAC was measured over time in 12 male volunteers on 4 occasions. Subjects received 0.44 g kg(-1) body weight of ethanol on the first study day, and 0.70 g kg(-1) body weight on subsequent study days 1, 11 and 12 weeks later, to enable comparisons in variability over short and long time periods and when the same or different doses were administered. Evidence of both inter- and intra-subject variability was found, with inter-subject variability substantially smaller than intra-subject variability when the dose varied. Forensically important differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed within individuals between occasions. These findings could have an important impact on medico-legal issues related to ethanol pharmacokinetics.     

苏区“国家政治保卫局”与肃反扩大化问题辩正

苏区"国家政治保卫局"是指我国第二次国内革命战争时期在各苏维埃革命根据地建立的,也是中国共产党在中国最早建立的具有公安保卫职能的政权机关。同时,第二次国内革命战争期间曾经出现过肃反扩大化的问题。对于这一历史时期国家政治保卫局与肃反扩大化的关系问题上,学界始终有着不同意见。有学者认为当时存在的肃反委员会和国家政治保卫局是导致肃反扩大化的主要原因,但也有学者认为纠正肃反扩大化的倾向是国家政治保卫局建立的直接原因之一。本文从历史文件的分析入手,试图从国家政治保卫局的成因、制度设计及其在当时政权体制中的地位等方面,探究第二次国内革命时期国家政治保卫局与当时肃反扩大化之间是否存在因果关系。     

Economics of court performance: an empirical analysis

This paper proposes an empirical analysis of Spanish court performance using the economic approach. An econometric model will be estimated in order to answer two basic questions: (1) why some courts’ output it is greater than others? (2) Could courts produce a higher output using their actual resources? In addition it will be determine, by means of an analysis of variance (ANOVA), whether courts showing higher than average output have dictated resolutions with a higher reversal rate.     

对330例体表创口与愈后瘢痕长度的对比观察

探讨体表创口与愈后瘢痕相互关系。在 330例不同年龄的伤者的不同部位的钝、锐器伤口 ,用精确的测量方法 ,在伤后 3d内、伤后 1个月、伤后 3个月进行测量 ,并计算创口愈合成为瘢痕的收缩率。在伤后 3个月面部瘢痕的收缩率为 15 4% ,躯干、四肢瘢痕收缩率为 13 6 % ,头皮瘢痕收缩率为 10 1%。不同致伤物形成的创口 ,在伤后 3个月时 ,不规则钝器创的瘢痕收缩率为 16 1% ,锐器创的瘢痕收缩率为 11 2 %。结果表明 ,创口在伤后 3个月时 ,面部瘢痕收缩率最大 ,头皮瘢痕收缩率最小。不规则钝器创的瘢痕收缩率值比锐器创的瘢痕收缩率值大。     

对诉讼时效的新思考

我国《民法通则》规定的诉讼时效制度空间属消灭时效还是取得时效 ,学界看法不一。本文作者认为 :诉讼时效属于消灭时效。文章针对我国民事立法上规定诉讼时效过短的缺陷 ,提出作者的“三项改进意见”。     

试论阿拉伯语在云南回族语言中的运用

阿拉伯语是阿拉伯各民族使用的语言,是世界上非常古老的语言之一.回族作为阿拉伯先民与中华民族结合而形成的民族类型,由于其形成过程的特殊性,决定了阿拉伯文化对回族的巨大影响力.云南回族由于地理环境的封闭性,继承的阿拉伯语言虽然在语音、语调甚至语意上发生了一些变化,但至今仍在宗教活动和生活中使用.     

国际法框架下的人民币汇率制度选择

近年来,人民币汇率及汇率制度选择问题成为国际经济中的持续热点问题之一。随着入世过渡期的结束,中国经济已经日益融入世界经济体系,人民币汇率及汇率制度问题已经成为中国经济发展中必须长期面对的常态性问题。对于这个问题的研究,不应仅限于以往研究中的币值低估与否,是否违反相关国际公约等方面的单一研究模式,而需要在相关国际法框架下,从经济、政治及国际法等多角度加以综合研究,以制定相应的长期应对策略,并在此基础上通过对国内法上相关制度的完善保证中国经济的长期平稳发展。     

益气补肾化瘀方治疗早期糖尿病肾病临床观察

目的 观察益气补肾化瘀方治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床疗效。方法 将64例早期糖尿病肾病患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组32例。对照组服用缬沙坦,治疗组服用缬沙坦和益气补肾化瘀方,疗程均为12周。比较两组治疗前后中医证候积分、血糖、血压、尿白蛋白排泄率（urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER）、24h尿蛋白定量(24-hour urine protein, 24hUP)、尿白蛋白与尿肌酐比值（urine albumin to creatinine ratio,UACR）变化情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗组治疗后中医证候积分显著下降(P＜0.05),治疗组治疗后中医证候积分降低值显著大于对照组(P＜0.05)。与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、收缩压、UAER、24hUP、UACR均显著降低(P＜0.05）,治疗组治疗后FPG、UAER、24hUP、UACR降低值显著大于对照组(P＜0.05）。结论 益气补肾化瘀方可提高早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效,减少尿蛋白。     

An emerging theory of the effect of economic contraction on alcohol abuse in the United States

Recent research in the United States describing the association between adverse economic experiences and the risk of clinically significant alcohol abuse is reviewed. A theory of how economic contraction affects the incidence of alcohol abuse is offered. Implications of the theory for economic policy and the provision of services are discussed.     

Measures of opportunity and the calculation of the arson rate: The connection between operationalization and association

The crime of arson is complicated in part because of the motives associated with the offense and the vast assortment of combustible objects or targets deliberately burned in urban areas. This research attempts to conceptualize the crime in light of criminal law and demonstrates that arson occupies a rather unique position. Although classified as a property crime, the legislative intent appears to focus on the protection of human life. Moreover, legislative developments have brought us to the point where burning almost any property is designated arson. There is a growing concern over the incidence of arson, but there has been little discussion of how to calculate the arson rate when the targets of opportunity are not known. The exploratory research presented here addresses the structure of arson rates by using an assortment of indirect and direct measures of opportunity as denominators in the calculation of the arson rate. Factor analysis reduces a 27×27 correlation matrix to six significant factors and demonstrates that some measures share the same underlying rate structure. By using a factorbase scale (dependent variable) for each factor and a set of independent variables, regression analysis reveals that there are differences in the direction of association, the degree of association, and the types of independent variables that associate with different measures of the arson rate.