论WTO规则的法律解释方法--兼谈国际条约法的解释理论在WTO争端解决机制中的运用

《维也纳条约法公约》第 3 1条和第 3 2条不仅规定了条约解释的规则 ,而且也规定了具体的条约解释方法。本文依据其规定 ,结合WTO一些有代表性的案件 ,对专家组和上诉机构在争端解决程序中采用的主要解释方法 ,即文法解释方法、系统解释方法、目的解释方法、历史解释方法以及四种解释方法的使用顺序作一梳理 ,以求达到引玉之效。     

Rethinking Conflict: Perspectives from the Insight Approach

In this article, the authors present the “insight approach” to conflict as an analytical and methodological framework that addresses the dynamic interactions between conflicting parties. According to the insight approach, conflict is relational, dynamic, and adaptive, generated from the responsive interpretive frameworks that parties use to construct meaning. Conflict arises as a result of parties' experience of what insight theorists call “threat‐to‐cares,” which generates defend–attack patterns of interaction between them. The authors suggest that rethinking the nature of conflict so that it is seen as an interaction embedded in meaning making enables conflict interveners to help parties gain insight into, and articulate, the values that are being generated, advanced, threatened, and realigned within the complex interactions that define us as social beings. In doing so, parties develop abilities to generate new patterns and solutions that can limit and even eliminate the experiences of threat that generate conflict between them.     

Validating TrueAllele® DNA mixture interpretation

Abstract: DNA mixtures with two or more contributors are a prevalent form of biological evidence. Mixture interpretation is complicated by the possibility of different genotype combinations that can explain the short tandem repeat (STR) data. Current human review simplifies this interpretation by applying thresholds to qualitatively treat STR data peaks as all‐or‐none events and assigning allele pairs equal likelihood. Computer review, however, can work instead with all the quantitative data to preserve more identification information. The present study examined the extent to which quantitative computer interpretation could elicit more identification information than human review from the same adjudicated two‐person mixture data. The base 10 logarithm of a DNA match statistic is a standard information measure that permits such a comparison. On eight mixtures having two unknown contributors, we found that quantitative computer interpretation gave an average information increase of 6.24 log units (min = 2.32, max = 10.49) over qualitative human review. On eight other mixtures with a known victim reference and one unknown contributor, quantitative interpretation averaged a 4.67 log factor increase (min = 1.00, max = 11.31) over qualitative review. This study provides a general treatment of DNA interpretation methods (including mixtures) that encompasses both quantitative and qualitative review. Validation methods are introduced that can assess the efficacy and reproducibility of any DNA interpretation method. An in‐depth case example highlights 10 reasons (at 10 different loci) why quantitative probability modeling preserves more identification information than qualitative threshold methods. The results validate TrueAllele^® DNA mixture interpretation and establish a significant information improvement over human review.     

超越主客观解释论:刑法解释标准研究

合理解释刑法是正确适用刑法的前提,因而探寻解释合理与否的标准构成刑法解释理论的核心。传统刑法解释理论的解释标准,无论是主观解释论的立法原意标准还是客观解释论的客观意思标准,都存在诸多缺陷,因此,必须根据以人为本的理念,从理解人本身的视角确立刑法解释的标准。在以人为本的理念下,刑法解释主体是具有多元价值观的解释者构成的解释共同体,刑法解释的标准是多元互动解释共同体通过对话协商获得的共识。制度化的对话协商可以通过求同存异的办法防止实质性价值冲突的激化,成为刑法解释及适用的合法性保障。     

论抢劫罪、强奸罪客观行为之异同

对于抢劫罪与强奸罪的客观行为,在目前我国的刑法基本文本中表述是大致相同的.由此,在学界,关于如何理解刑法第263条抢劫罪与刑法第236条强奸罪的客观行为有了一定的争议.在目前我国刑法文本的框架下,采取体系解释的方式,两个条文中共同存在的“暴力、胁迫或者其他方法”的客观行为具有较为巨大的差异性和不同性,基于两个条文的自身...     

我国税法行政解释的现状与发展

我国税法解释主要是行政解释和有权解释.我国税法行政解释具有以下特点:行政解释性文件成为税法执法的主要规范依据;税法解释与法律漏洞填补共存,法律解释权与立法权密切的结合;解释形式繁杂,规范化程度不一;财政部和国税总局分享解释权;地方性税收规范泛滥;缺乏有力监督.根据税收法治的要求,应当对税法行政解释权做出规范,税法行政解...     

美国宪法解释制度解析——兼论对中国宪法解释制度的启示

宪法解释制度不论是在宪法学理论研究中,还是政治过程和宪政实践中都非常重要。在各国的宪政体制中,美国的宪法解释制度具有比较突出的特点,它一直进行着的宪法解释实践不仅对其国内的政治、经济和社会生活产生了重大的影响,也对其他国家的宪政实践提供了借鉴的可能性。而比较研究的前提,就是要对美国的宪法解释制度进行深入的分析和研究该制度的渊源、生成与发展的背景及其演进。文章的主旨就是希望通过对美国宪法解释制度的形成与发展做客观分析的前提下,探讨对我国宪法解释制度的发展所具有的借鉴意义。     

情势变更原则的类型化研究

情势变更原则具有内涵抽象、标准不明、极易被滥用的弊端,在理论和实践上具有极大争议。为正确把握情势变更原则的适用条件,妥当设置情势变更原则适用的法律后果,除参考各国立法例和理论研究成果之外,还应以总结裁判经验为最有效的研究方法。在研究判决材料的基础上,认知司法者对情势变更原则的理解程度和行动取向,可以为我国司法实践正确处理情势变更问题提供稳妥且具有可操作性的学理指引。     

公正司法中的刑法解释理念

公正司法要求树立正确的刑法解释理念。正确地解释刑法,应当在坚持罪刑法定原则的前提下兼顾罪刑均衡原则,采取以主观解释论为主,客观解释论为辅的立场。解释刑法一方面要求解释过程符合可预测性,另一方面也应重视解释结论的妥当性。     

法律解释（学）的理据、概念及价值

法律解释学自产生之日起,就一直受到种种质疑（如它可能导致法治的消解）,而法律解释学界迄今似乎并未有力地回应这些质疑。之所以造成这种局面,主要是因为法律解释学本身还没能清楚地解决如下一些问题：它的理论依据似乎游移于传统解释学与哲学解释学之间;它对“解释”的解释并不清晰,因为当前的法律解释学似乎没能意识到解释其实同时是方法、存在并且还具有哲学研究的属性;它一定程度上无视法律解释学与法律解释之间的互渗、纠缠,这种无视反过来又模糊了它对自身的定位;等等。可以说,只有当法律解释学厘清了上述问题,才可能较好地回应当前的诸种质疑,进而证立其自身的必要性和正当性。