网络黑产链犯罪中帮助行为的刑法评价

网络黑产链犯罪中的帮助行为与传统共同犯罪中的帮助行为有较大的区别,具体表现在行为人的主观故意内容、帮助行为与正犯行为的关联程度及行为的作用效果等方面。然而,目前对网络黑产链犯罪中帮助行为人以共同犯罪论处存在理论障碍,如欠缺共同故意且正犯行为难以认定为犯罪等。司法实践将帮助行为正犯化确实具有现实需要。帮助行为正犯化的论域应当限定在正犯、共犯分离二元参与体系的形式正犯概念之下。在我国刑法分则对实行行为明确定型的立法体制下,司法机关超越解释权限将帮助行为扩张为实行行为的解释与罪刑法定原则有悖。帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的增设是网络帮助行为正犯化理论的典型立法实践,但成立该罪既不要求帮助行为人对被帮助者实施的具体犯罪内容有明确的认识,也不要求被帮助的犯罪行为在实体上或程序上被认定为犯罪。     

Implication of population structure in the resolution of cattle stealing cases

Estimation of population subdivision using genetic markers shows that genetic differentiation in livestock and pet breeds is significantly higher than in human populations. Nevertheless, the influence of population substructure and sample size on match probability has not been extensively analyzed in domestic species. To evaluate the magnitude of the subpopulation effect on estimation of match probabilities in bovine robbery cases, we calculated and compared the match probabilities obtained from cattle breed databases using both real, adjudicated cases from the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), as well as simulated data. While the Balding and Nichols' correction, when applied to the population database used in the case, produce a more conservative value favorable to the defendant, the match probabilities calculated using the simple product estimator produce a value favorable to the prosecution. We suggest an alternative procedure that can be used. The method consists of choosing the highest value from all match probabilities calculated from the database of each breed. This approach represents an intermediate and more accurate estimation of match probability, although it still produces a slight conservative value favorable to the defense.     

一个半公正的司法解释--兼与苏力教授对话

对幼女的年龄的明知是奸淫幼女成罪的必要要件 ,此乃刑法关于奸淫幼女的规定的本意。司法解释只有遵循这一本意才具有合法性。最高人民法院关于奸淫幼女的批复要求以对幼女的年龄的明知作为奸淫幼女的入罪条件 ,符合立法原意 ,因而具有公正的成分。将奸淫幼女解释为严格责任罪 ,既不符合立法精神 ,也有悖法理。但是 ,最高法院的批复在将对幼女的年龄的明知作为绝对的入罪条件的同时没有将幼女的年龄的不明知作为绝对的出罪条件 ,因而又不是完全公正的。     

Differential Identification of Three Young Housefire Victims: Methods when Age Assessment Fails

Multiple fatality incidents involving more than one child of statistically same age (including twins) can be challenging from an identification standpoint. This case details an urban fire, in which four children perished. Age assessment on three of the victims utilizing maturity staging described by Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt yielded insignificant results. However, a plot of the MFH data shows the difference between two identical twins and a third child. The twins share a similar growth pattern, whereas the other was different. Based on this graphical interpretation, the nontwin victim was positively identified through exclusion. These results were verified through statistical testing. This case demonstrates a method to repurpose age assessment data to graphically distinguish between child victims. Further, it is shown that radiographic and clinical presentation in childhood identical twins can elicit genetic versus acquired similarities and differences, which can be used for identification of individuals and exclusion of others.     

“前科犯罪定罪关联模式”司法解释问题研究

前科犯罪定罪关联模式的司法解释在与《刑法》第65条累犯的规定同时适用时,违反了禁止重复评价原则。从长远来看,要摈弃或改进前科犯罪定罪关联模式的司法解释,确保不违背禁止重复评价原则。刑法解释的刑事政策化需要辅以外部监督制约制度,立法机关应对司法机关制定的司法解释究竟是否符合立法的目的、原意、原则,是否是对法律具体应用的解释进行必要的审核确认,以确保司法功利主义的冲动被限制在罪刑法定主义的笼子里。在刑法的立场选择方面,应坚持行为刑法,坚守刑法的安定性与人权保障机能,适当吸收行为人刑法与人格刑法的因素,以实现刑法效能的最大化。     

代物清偿制度的发现与构建

文章针对以物抵债这一在司法实践中常见的现象,通过制度梳理,发现其中的代物清偿规则,明确界定代物清偿的本质在于受领他种给付以清偿原负担的给付。他种给付的债的原因仍在于原来的债之关系。代物清偿合同性质上是一种诺成合同,而非要物合同。代物清偿不同于为了担保而给付,也不同于新债清偿。如果对于以物抵债协议的性质若有疑义,应遵循有利于债权人解释的规则,解释为新债清偿对债权人更为有利,所以,应解释为新债清偿。如果债务人依照约定,交付标的物,即可以发生清偿的效力,债之关系消灭。但如果所提供的标的物有物的瑕疵或权利瑕疵,债权人可以要求债务人承担瑕疵担保责任。债权人还可以请求回复到原债之关系上,并要求回复原债之关系上的担保等从权利。