模糊立法语言的语义学分析

法律以语言文字为载体。尽管法律人竭力为法律概念设定边界,但是大部分法律概念的内涵或外延依然是模糊的。在法律的创制过程中,合理使用模糊语言不但不会损害法律的明确性,相反倒可能有助于在不确定中寻求到确定性。     

工会理论政策研究的地位与作用论纲--兼论全国总工会理论政策研究的方向与方法

工会理论政策研究性质,首先是政治理论政策研究,又是经济理论政策研究,同时也是社会理论政策研究.改革开放以来,尽管中国工会理论政策研究已有相当成就,但就不断深化的改革事业以及工会运动的客观需求而言,其作用还是相当的不足或滞后.加强和改善工会理论政策研究,是实现工会工作市场化的基础和前提.全总的理论政策研究应该具有实践的前导性和理论政策的敏锐性,还应该实现学科化和社会化.     

关于上腭性别差异的研究

利用判别分析的方法,对200例上腭(石膏模型)的11项指标的性别进行性别研究,为用腭判定性别提供了依据,结果发现,有10个指标存在显著意义的性别差异(P<0.05)。应用判别分析方法,获得3个判别函数式,其判别率在64.00%～76.00%,本研究为用腭判定性别提供依据。     

体液中常见滥用药物的系统筛选分析

本文建立了体液中常见滥用药物的筛选分析体系.尿液或血液经固相萃取(SPE)或液提取(LLE)后,直接用GC/NPD分析或经TFA、BSTFA衍生化后用GC/MS分析.方法适用于同时分析甲基苯丙胺、MDMA、度冷丁、去甲度冷丁、曲马多、美沙酮、EDDP、可卡因、苯甲酰芽子碱、可待因、安定、氯丙嗪、吗啡、单乙酰吗啡等十四种常见滥用药物及代谢物.SPE法和LLE法回收率分别为66～102%和50～86%,最低检出限为2-5ng/ml尿.涉毒案件的鉴定应用表明该分析方法简便、快速、可靠.     

Effect of Choice of Measure on the Size of a Racial Disparity

In criminological studies of racial disparities the effect of race on outcomes is assessed after statistical controls for other variables. There is no universally accepted measure of size of disparity after controls in the most common type of disparity study: the study of binary outcomes. Some such studies use a measure that lends itself to interpretation in terms of the proportional reduction in error (PRE). Most use a non-PRE measure of association. This study investigates the effect of choice of measure on conclusions about the size of a disparity after controls. For illustrative purposes the study analyzes data on the awarding of sentence reductions to drug traffickers. After controls, blacks are found to be substantially less likely than whites to receive a reduction according to a type of non-PRE measure: an odds ratio derived from a logit model. But using the same data and model, PRE measures obtained from an ROC analysis indicate that, after controls, there is hardly any difference between the races in their likelihood of sentence reduction. Results illustrate the study's thesis: that the choice of measure can powerfully affect conclusions. The findings' implications—for policymakers and for researchers who conduct racial disparity studies—are discussed.     

The Economic Evaluation of Policing Activity: An Application of a Hybrid Methodology

This paper advances a hybrid police cost function that synthesises the proactive/preventive and response/reactive methodologies from the criminology literature. The model presents a coherent estimation process that can help in the allocation of scarce resources to police forces and also enable economists, government organisations and criminologists to assess the scale and technical efficiency of forces. This hybrid model uses response survey data for a sample of English and Welsh police forces in which relative efficiency rankings are contrasted with relative performance measures produced by the Audit Commission. We find that there are considerable divergences in police force's scale and technical efficiency during 1997/98 and 1998/99 utilising non-parametric techniques.     

A Selection of Empirical Socio-Economic Research with Respect to the Functioning of Legal Rules and Institutions in Belgium and the Netherlands

In this paper some studies with respect to empirical socio-economic research which has been undertaken in Belgium and the Netherlands concerning the functioning of legal rules and institutions are discussed. The paper focuses on the domains of criminal law, civil procedure, liability and insurance. The paper argues that contrary to the overwhelming economic literature on liability and insurance, the empirical results in that domain are poor. More research is undertaken in the area of criminal law and apparently it is overwhelming in the area of civil procedure. The latter studies are, however, mainly undertaken by socio-legal scholars and less by economists. The general conclusion of the empirical studies discussed seems to be that while the empirical literature on the effect of changes in the decision making environment on rational actions in the legal system is rich and provocative, there is much less empirical testing of the effects of legal rules as such on allocational outcomes. The paper argues that much more effort should be devoted to the latter issue.     

中医药干预874例晚期非小细胞肺癌的生存分析

目的 分析晚期非小细胞肺癌（non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者生存期的影响因素,观察中医药干预对晚期NSCLC的疗效。方法 回顾性分析874例接受中医药治疗的晚期NSCLC患者的临床资料,分别采用Kaplan Meier法和COX回归模型对晚期NSCLC患者生存期的影响因素进行单因素分析和多因素分析,并建立COX比例风险模型,并对接受靶向治疗的晚期NSCLC患者分别进行分层分析。结果 ①874例晚期NSCLC患者的中位生存期（median survival time,MST）为24.0个月,1年生存率为75.0%,2年生存率为49.0%,3年生存率为33.0%,5年生存率为16.0%。②单因素分析结果显示,患者的性别、确诊时的体力状态评分（performance status,PS）、年龄、病理类型、临床分期、吸烟史、化学治疗、放射治疗、靶向治疗、中医证型、中医特色外治法、口服中成药时间、中药静脉制剂疗程、干预措施为预后的影响因素（P＜0.05）。③多因素COX回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、临床分期、放射治疗、病理类型、干预措施、口服中成药时间、中药静脉制剂疗程、PS、中医辨证分型是影响晚期NSCLC预后的独立危险因素。结论 ①中医药干预可延长晚期NSCLC患者的生存期。②晚期NSCLC患者中,女性、年轻、临床分期早、肺腺癌、PS低、脾肾两虚的患者生存期优于其他患者。③接受放射治疗、使用口服中成药、长期接受中药静脉制剂治疗且长期接受中医辨证治疗,可以延长晚期NSCLC肺癌的生存期。     

基于色度、有效成分相关性的蒲黄炒炭识别模式

目的 研究不同炮制程度蒲黄炭颜色与有效成分含量的相关性,为蒲黄炭质量控制提供参考。方法 利用色差仪对不同炮制程度蒲黄炭进行色度测定,依据色度值对炒炭程度进行判别分析;建立高效液相指纹图谱并测定生蒲黄及不同炮制程度蒲黄炭中香蒲新苷和异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷的含量;采用化学计量方法对有效成分与色度值进行Spearman相关性分析。结果 蒲黄药材指纹图谱共标定17个共有峰,并指认了香蒲新苷和异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷两种成分。不同炮制程度的蒲黄炭色度值具有显著差异,并且所建立的判别函数具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,可通过Fisher线性判别函数区分生品、轻炭、标炭、重炭4类。香蒲新苷、异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷与色度值L、b、Eab成显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与a值无相关性（P＞0.05）。结论 高效液相色谱结合色度分析技术可用于蒲黄炭的质量评价,其通过内在、外在质量控制相结合的方法可客观、有效地评价蒲黄炭的质量。     

中医药干预86例进展期胃癌的生存分析

目的探讨进展期胃癌中医药干预现状与生存期的相关性。方法回顾性研究安徽医科大学第一附属医院中西医结合肿瘤科、安徽省立医院中医肿瘤科收治的86例进展期胃癌患者的临床资料,统计中医药干预起点、干预时间、干预策略以及患者的1、3年生存率,对患者信息进行单因素、多因素分析,筛选出影响进展期胃癌患者预后的因素。结果86例进展期胃癌患者1、3年生存率分别为90.7%、48.8%。单因素分析显示,TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度、根治手术、足疗程化学治疗、中医证型、中医药干预起点及中医药干预持续时间对生存期的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,TNM分期、根治手术、足疗程化学治疗、中医药干预持续时间对生存期的影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论根治性手术治疗及足疗程化学治疗是延长进展期胃癌患者生存期的重要手段;TNM分期是影响患者预后的危险因素;进展期胃癌中医证型以脾胃虚寒型最为多见;中医药干预持续时间与患者生存期呈正相关。