Detection of Inflicted Bruises by Alternate Light: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Bruises are often difficult to detect on victims of violence, potentially impacting investigation and prosecution. The purpose of our randomized controlled trial was to measure the effectiveness of an alternate light source (ALS) within visible and long ultraviolet spectrums at improving bruise detection compared to white light over time. We also examined the effects of skin color, age, gender, localized fat, and injury mechanism on bruise detection. Participants included 157 healthy adults with balanced sampling across six skin color categories. Bruises were created under the controlled application of a paintball pellet and dropped weight to one upper and lower arm, respectively. Using a crossover design, both bruises were examined 21 times over 4 weeks. Ten different wavelength (350–535 nm) and filter (yellow, orange, red) combinations were used. Multilevel models were used to analyze 2903 examinations on both upper and lower arms. Results in multivariable models showed after controlling for other covariates 415 and 450 nm using a yellow filter had greater odds of detecting evidence of bruising than white light (Upper Arm: 415 nm: OR = 5.34, 95% CI: 4.35–6.56; 450 nm: OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 3.36–4.96). Under either light source, being female and having more localized fat had increased odds of detecting bruises created by the dropped weight (female: OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 2.37–3.70; fat: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34). Our results support ALS as an appropriate tool to enhance concurrent physical assessment of bruises in the presence of known history of injury. Future development and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for ALS application are needed.     

A game-theoretic model of the participants in the rural migrant workers＇ work-related injury insurance system

According to the game theory, the efficiency of a policy depends on the coherence between the Nash equilibrium and policy maker＇s ideal focal point. A game-theoretic model is used to study the relationships among rural migrant workers, enterprises and governments under the policy that rural migrant workers were requested included in urban social insurance system. As each participant seeks to maximize his utility, the problem can best be analyzed as an n-person cooperative game. This paper tries to relocate the roles of governments, and put forward some policy suggestion on promoting rural migrant workers＇ work-related injury insurances system with effective incentive and restrictive mechanisms.     

韩国反倾销政策法规及其实践

韩国是世界上较早制定反倾销法的发展中国家,也是全球实施反倾销最为积极的国家之一,中国则成为韩国反倾销的首要目标国。韩国反倾销政策法规不仅是其对外实施反倾销的法律依据,也是其保护国内产业和市场最常用的贸易救济手段。韩国反倾销政策法规主要体现在韩国反倾销管理体制、实施反倾销的前提条件以及实施反倾销的具体措施等三个方面。韩国反倾销政策法规在实践中所具有的一些不同于其他国家或地区的特点,为中国应对未来韩国对华反倾销提供了有益启示。     

大鼠脑干损伤早期c-fos原癌基因的原位杂交研究

目的　探讨原癌基因c-fos蛋白的表达和脑干早期损伤的关系。方法　 2 0只实验大鼠随机分为脑干损伤组和对照组 ,脑干早期损伤阶段c-fos蛋白表达采用原位杂交组化法观察。结果　对照组大鼠脑干组织未见c-fosmRNA的表达。然而 ,脑干损伤组损伤后 1 0min即可在神经元和胶质细胞观察到c-fosmRNA的表达。且在脑干损伤后 3h内 ,c-fosmRNA的表达程度出现明显的时间依存性。脑干组织死后伤c -fosmRNA的表达亦为阴性。结论　c-fos原癌基因的检测可成为诊断脑干生前损伤的一项指标。     

大鼠脑损伤后慢性病程中CaM与nNOS的免疫组化研究

探索脑损伤后存活一段时间死亡者脑损伤诊断指标。利用液压冲击装置 ,造成大鼠实验性闭合性脑损伤 ;并用抗 Ca M与 n NOS抗体 ,对鼠脑伤后 3d、1、3、4、8周脑内 Ca M与 n NOS的变化规律进行研究。Ca M与 n NOS染色结果显示 :伤侧鼠脑皮质阳性细胞数、阳性细胞平均灰度、海马平均灰度均较对照组有显著下降 ,在 1周时有回升 ,3、4、8周时有不同的反应。说明通过检测 Ca M与 n NOS的免疫反应性来判断脑损伤的程度和损伤时间有一定的可行性和应用前景     

c-fos蛋白及其基因表达改变用于脑干损伤早期死后诊断的可行性研究

探讨人体脑干损伤后c fos蛋白及其基因表达的改变用于脑干损伤早期死后诊断的可行性。采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术 ,观察 16例人体脑干损伤后的c fos蛋白及其基因表达的改变。结果发现 :在正常脑干组织的不同部位 ,均有c fos蛋白和c fos mRNA阳性表达 ,且在各例脑干标本之间 ,表达的量及其分布不一致。脑损伤后 ,在脑干组织中也有c fos蛋白和c fos mRNA阳性表达 ,但与正常脑干组织相比无显著性差异。c fos蛋白和c fos mRNA的表达在各例脑干标本之间不一致 ,且在损伤后的改变无明显规律 ,不能用于脑干损伤早期的死后诊断。     

大鼠液压冲击脑损伤BDNF及其受体TrkB表达的实验研究

目的研究脑损伤后BDNF及其受体TrKB蛋白表达及其时序性变化,进一步研究脑损伤的分子机制及法医学脑损伤时间推断.方法用免疫组织化学方法,观察液压冲击脑损伤大鼠BDNF及其受体TrKB蛋白在受伤后不同时间(5min、15min、30min、1h、3h、6h、12h、1d、3d、7d)的表达情况,以正常大鼠及手术大鼠作为对照.结果正常及手术对照组大鼠脑组织表达少量的BDNF及TrKB;脑损伤后1h大脑皮质颗粒和锥体细胞、海马CA3及小脑Purkinje细胞表达增强,3h达高峰,维持较高水平,12h开始下降,24h后降至对照水平.1h、3h、6h和12h与正常及手术对照组比较均有显著性差异.结论表明脑损伤可诱导BDNF及TrKB基因在脑内表达,其时序性改变可望用于法医学脑损伤时间推断.     

人脑挫伤周围早期星形胶质细胞反应 定性定量分析初步研究

目的探讨脑挫伤灶周围早期反应性肿胀和增生胶质细胞的生物学特性和法医学意义。方法应用常规HE染色、GFAP免疫组化染色和图像分析技术,对尸检人脑组织挫伤周围星形胶质细胞反应进行定性定量分析。结果脑挫伤周围星形胶质细胞在伤后很短时间内（小于5分钟）即可反应性肿胀和增生;随伤后经过时间延长,肿胀程度逐渐减弱;星形胶质细胞反应与脑挫伤的部位有一定关系。结论这种反应性星形胶质细胞有可能作为诊断轻度脑挫伤和判断脑挫伤早期损伤经过时间的指标。     

警体越障碍教学中运动损伤的调查研究及预防

越障碍训练是警察体育训练一项重要内容,本文对2002、03级侦查、治安共计200名学员在教学训练中运动损伤情况进行了调研分析,并从预防的角度提出建议,以便能为警体越障碍教学与训练提供有益的帮助。     

Cerebral traumatism with a playground rocking toy mimicking shaken baby syndrome

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), one of the most deadly and devastating forms of child abuse, is caused by violent shaking. The combination of subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, brain swelling, and diffuse axonal injury is highly typical of this syndrome and faced with these autopsy findings, induced traumatic lesions are strongly considered. However, it is known that motor-vehicle accidents and falls from great height can also produce this pattern of injury. Nevertheless, stories of arms fall, couch fall, or bumped head while the baby is being carried are generally considered incompatible with SBS. We here report a case of a 2-year-old boy presenting with all the classic autopsy findings of SBS from a playground rocking toy shaken by an older child.