Mix-Ups, Mistake and Moral Judgement: Recent Developments in U.K. Law on Assisted Conception

Hard cases make bad law. In a matter of months, two such cases involving assisted reproduction have appeared before the U.K. High Court and legislation has been enacted. The common threads between them are consent and fatherhood. The first case concerns a ‘mistake’ resulting in sperm from the wrong man being used to create an embryo for a couple and the second the revocation of consent by a man to his former partner being allowed to use an embryo they created together. Furthermore, Parliament has intervened, passing legislation which sets out when sperm from a dead man may be used by his former partner to generate an embryo. This note argues that the three developments cannot be reconciled with one another and that the cases in particular, decided on a narrow legal basis, convey contradictory messages, leading in at least one instance to a gross injustice.     

海洋生态环境保护的前沿问题

针对人工岛建设存在的海岛及周边水域环境日益恶化、海岛的传统捕捞业已失去发展空间、海岛生态系统功能丧失等问题,我国应以科学发展观为指导．对海洋权益、海洋环境、区域布局、公共设施建设等进行综合研究,完善配套法律法规。建立和谐海洋生态秩序,尊重自然规律,考虑海岛环境对人口的承栽能力。妥善解决人工岛建设与保护海洋生态环境的矛盾关系。     

Narrative dynamics in European Commission AI policy—Sensemaking,agency construction,and anchoring

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is arguably one of the most powerful and disruptive technologies of our times which may pose challenges as well as opportunities to contemporary political organizations. Studying AI from a lens of perceived uncertainty, this article studies the policy response of the European Commission toward this fast-paced emerging technology. By empirically focusing on the Commission's policy process from start to end, from initial communication to concrete proposal, the article shows how different types of narratives are used to construct the new policy area of AI policy. A novel theoretical framework is constructed building on a combination of narrative organizational studies and narrative policy studies, displaying how narratives play a key role in organizational sensemaking, agency construction and anchoring. The paper finds that the Commission broadly makes sense of AI technologies with a future-oriented discourse, establishes agency to existing and new forms of political organizing and anchors the policy response within the overarching frame of the EU single market policy. The main contribution of the paper is that it shows how political organizations settles uncertainty through narratives and sketches a way forward through establishing policy goals and anchoring them within pre-existing lines of political mobilization.     

Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy

The policy agenda is currently being established for artificial intelligence (AI), a domain marked by complex and sweeping implications for economic transformation tempered by concerns about social and ethical risks. This article reviews the United States national AI policy strategy through extensive qualitative and quantitative content analysis of 63 strategic AI policy documents curated by the federal government between 2016 and 2020. Drawing on a prominent theory of agenda setting, the Multiple Streams Framework, and in light of competing paradigms of technology policy, this article reviews how the U.S. government understands the key policy problems, solutions, and issue frames associated with AI. Findings indicate minimal attention to focusing events or problem indicators emphasizing social and ethical concerns, as opposed to economic and geopolitical ones. Further, broad statements noting ethical dimensions of AI often fail to translate into specific policy solutions, which may be explained by a lack of technical feasibility or value acceptability of ethics-related policy solutions, along with institutional constraints for agencies in specific policy sectors. Finally, despite widespread calls for increased public participation, proposed solutions remain expert dominated. Overall, while the emerging U.S. AI policy agenda reflects a striking level of attention to ethics—a promising development for policy stakeholders invested in AI ethics and more socially oriented approaches to technology governance—this success is only partial and is ultimately layered into a traditional strategic approach to innovation policy.     

Politics of on-demand food delivery: Policy design and the power of algorithms

In this article, we examine the politics of on-demand food delivery using insights from the theory of social construction and policy design. On-demand food delivery is a service built on algorithm-based technology known for its precarity and physical risks for couriers. We compare how the on-demand food delivery sector is regulated and its observable effects in two Asia-Pacific cities with contrasting food courier profiles: Melbourne, Australia (international students), and Singapore (citizens, permanent residents). We show how the social construction of food couriers in other policy subsystems (migration, higher education, citizenship) affects debates of their fair treatment in the on-demand food delivery sector. By interrogating the politics of digitally enabled versions of reality, we argue for embracing a design perspective to identify how reforms could be introduced in change-resistant sectors.     

智能理财行业风险的法律应对

以智能理财为代表的金融创新行为值得鼓励,该行业对社会和经济产生了巨大的推动力,使得各国政府都愈发重视。由于智能理财业务模式的创新,其区别于传统投资顾问的新特征也随之出现,这种变化必将给金融行业传统的风险规制带来新的课题:监管者如何区配新的风险规制路径?要让智能理财行业实现良性发展,首先需要清楚地认识到其所具有的金融风险、技术风险和法律风险,并明确其规制路径予,让监管主体有效发挥职能。具体来说,首先需要完善信息披露制度、强化风险提示机制,完善信用体系等资本市场相关制度;其次需要强化市场准入与牌照管理,健全合格投资者制度等准入门槛;最后还需要将穿透式监管、全过程监管、科技监管等新型监管模式贯穿其中。     

人工智能发展、全球价值链调整与就业格局变化

人工智能技术快速发展,全球价值链悄然调整。需求状况、生产要素、支持产业、企业同业竞争、政府等与劳动力密切相关的基本要素在中国都发生了前所未有的变化,对我国劳动分工与就业格局产生了极大的影响。研究认为,劳动力的"第三次解绑"导致新的就业特征产生。为更好地应对人工智能技术冲击、全球价值链重构带来的新就业问题,应当多措施并举扩大就业渠道,通过跨区、跨国创业拉动就业,着重培养复合型人才,提升教育质量。     

我国人工智能伦理框架建构 ——以比较法为路径

人工智能的发展在带来社会福祉的同时也面临着伦理框架建设问题。广义上的人工智能伦理框架建构可以包括狭义上的伦理框架研究以及伦理决策方法。目前国内对伦理框架研究讨论较多,对具体的伦理决策的研究几乎为零,尚未形成人工智能伦理框架建构。由此可通过比较法的路径,从人工智能伦理控制权的适用原则,公平性的应用原则以及注重社会福祉的应用总目标来构建我国的人工智能伦理框架。此外,通过对“自上而下”以及“自下而上”两种伦理决策方式的利弊分析,提出“人工智能程序”模式的第三条道路。     

人工湖泊旅游开发利用研究的意义

人工湖泊是我国的重要资源 ,拥有量为世界之最。开展人工湖泊旅游开发利用的相关研究 ,不仅在旅游学科中具有开拓创新的意义 ,其研究成果也具有填补旅游资源学、旅游管理学等相关学科空白的理论意义 ,同时还具有一定的学术价值。研究人工湖泊在旅游开发中的作用 ,对我国的经济建设以及西部大开发战略的实施 ,具有重要的现实意义和广阔的运用前景。