Software interoperability, intellectual property and competition law — Compulsory licenses for abuse of market dominance

Innovation is a shared purpose of both intellectual property (IP) and competition law. However, sometimes competition law conflicts with the interests of IP holders. This paper searches for an adequate criterion of practical concordance, which consists of evaluating, in the concrete situation, which of those regulations best performs the purpose of promoting innovation. It is considered that requirements of competition law shape IP regulations, but the internal limits of protection therein identified are not enough to safeguard concerns of competition law. In particular, European courts held that, in exceptional circumstances, IP holders with market dominant position can be compelled to grant licenses of IP protected goods, such as copyrighted information and software. Such lifting of the IP exclusion power finds its rationale in preserving competition and promoting innovation, which is particularly sensitive within the dynamic software market.     

我国司法鉴定改革述评与展望

我国的司法鉴定改革自1998年正式展开。第一轮改革由司法部主导并以司法鉴定的社会化和体制统一为核心内容。第二轮改革的基本标志是全国人大常委会颁布的《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》,仍然致力于司法鉴定的体制统一。但改革至今,广受诟病的多头鉴定和重复鉴定等问题依然存在。应当从《司法鉴定法》的制定、司法鉴定行政管理体制的统一、加强当事人对司法鉴定的参与和健全司法鉴定行业管理制度等几个方面进一步深化改革。     

找准高职办学定位探索警官教育机制

目前,我国警官教育"多元化"的办学模式已客观地形成.但从总体上说,警官教育的办学资源仍十分有限,各级各类办学主体始终未能摆脱对办学运行机制"选择"的困境.警官教育究竟应朝着一个什么样的方向发展?当务之急是要尽快找准合理的办学定位,并结合自己的办学实际,努力探索务实、高效、灵活的运行机制.     

论贵州在汉帝国的历史地位

今贵州区域在汉代绝大部分属于牂牁郡辖治,两汉时期牂牁郡是汉王朝与西南夷地区联系的重要边郡,郡治设在安顺宁谷一带,都尉治一度曾设在赫章可乐。牂牁郡既是汉帝国控制西南夷和"制越"的前沿阵地,又是汉朝廷通滇、通身毒的"南方丝绸之路"的要区,在汉帝国的版图中占重要地位。通过稳定夜郎区域,汉帝国可以协调西南各族之间纷争的矛盾,可以制约和便于平息反叛,可以加强夜郎区域与周边及中原地区的交流,并且在政治上达到形式上的全国统一,从而保证边郡的稳定。     

关于徇私枉法罪几个问题的探讨

徇私枉法罪是一种特殊的渎职犯罪,本文依据《刑法》相关规定并结合司法实践,对本罪犯罪构成机制的相关要素进行分析,认为“徇私、徇情”不仅是犯罪动机,同时也是客观要件必备之行为,“利用职务之便”应为客观方面的必备行为,以及对立法要求司法工作人员“明知”的准确理解与把握。     

新时期高职高专经贸英语人才培养新模式--"订单式"培养机制

高职高专经贸英语专业“语言＋技能”的订单式培养机制是按照“对准市场设专业,对准岗位设课程,对准实践抓教学,对准人世育人才”的教学思路,培养技能型、应用型的新时期高职高专经贸英语人才。     

Eyeball Position in Facial Approximation: Accuracy of Methods for Predicting Globe Positioning in Lateral View

This study measured the accuracy of traditional and validated newly proposed methods for globe positioning in lateral view. Eighty lateral head cephalograms of adult subjects from Central Europe were taken, and the actual and predicted dimensions were compared. The anteroposterior eyeball position was estimated as the most accurate method based on the proportion of the orbital height (SEE = 1.9 mm) and was followed by the “tangent to the iris method” showing SEE = 2.4 mm. The traditional “tangent to the cornea method” underestimated the eyeball projection by SEE = 5.8 mm. Concerning the superoinferior eyeball position, the results showed a deviation from a central to a more superior position by 0.3 mm, on average, and the traditional method of central positioning of the globe could not be rejected as inaccurate (SEE = 0.3 mm). Based on regression analyzes or proportionality of the orbital height, the SEE = 2.1 mm.     

Old people in Polish cities in the late eighteenth century

The issue of old age as a period in life of a person in the cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not widely discussed in historic literature of the past. This was due, to a large extent, to the beliefs of the researchers regarding the difficulty in capturing this phenomenon in light of rather Modest statistical sources. This study is, therefore, an attempt to scrutinise the mechanisms behind the functioning of city communities in the territories of central Poland in the late-feudal age on a basic level - the level of the smallest social unit and its economic base, i.e. the household, based on handwritten civil-military censuses from 1791-1792. The author is interested in the living situation of old people, their sizes and gender proportions in cities varying in size: from small to large ones in the second half of the 18th century. The article presents the dependencies between the age and position of men and women in the household and the proportions of old people being heads of households. Using the typology by Peter Laslett a model of a household ran by old people was shown against the background of a general structure of households in cities. The last part of the text concerns the size of households ran by old people, taking into account the social status, and their position within the family. The analysis of the censuses does not allow to determine any clear difference of living through old age in Polish cities in the 18th century in comparison to the regions which are attributed a ’unique’ model of European forms of family. The structural similarity of old age seen in Polish cities is closer to the model observed in cities of western than of eastern Europe.     

激活英语课堂教学确立学生主体地位

针对英语教育领域存在的问题,许多教育人士大力倡导要对陈旧的教育模式进行改革.英语课堂教学蕴藏着巨大的活力.激活课堂教学,增加教学中的生命意识是必由之路.应确立学生在教学中的主体地位,教师设疑启智,营造创新氛围,结合学生兴趣爱好,紧跟时代脉搏,精心设计课堂提问,将学生主体地位与教师主导作用有机统一,培养学生开拓创新精神.     

论现代公诉权的价值构造

"公诉权"在我国被长期认为就是专指"刑事公诉权"。在这一片面认识的束缚下,"公诉权"很难被介入到民事、行政诉讼领域中,客观上阻却了公诉权的生存空间。其实,公诉权也是一种诉权,它除了涵盖刑事公诉权外,还应包括民事公诉权和行政公诉权。现代公诉权的确立,不仅便于我们对各个诉讼制度框架进行整体把握,而且有利于深化和挖掘公诉权理论的新内涵,科学合理地配置公诉权在具体制度中的应用,更好地保护国家和社会公共利益,以维护法制的统一。