Application of forward‐looking infrared (FLIR) imaging from an unmanned aerial platform in the search for decomposing remains

Traditional methods of cadaver detection in outdoor environments include manual ground search, cadaver dogs, and manned aerial reconnaissance during daylight. These methods have limitations; however, a potential low‐cost alternative may be to employ thermal imaging equipment mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to detect heat emitted by insect and bacterial activity on the decomposing remains. No studies have addressed the influence of wrappings on detection of maggot mass thermal signatures nor assessed thermal detection of smaller body fragments. We addressed these knowledge gaps by utilizing a two‐phase experimental approach to explore thermal detection of carcasses using UAV‐mounted infrared imaging. In Phase 1, pig body fragments were deposited on the surface or shallow buried. In Phase 2, whole pig carcasses were deposited in four conditions: on the surface uncovered, wrapped in plastic or carpet, or buried. Our results demonstrated that observable heat emissions from remains corresponded to peak insect activity during active decay and could be readily detected in uncovered whole carcasses and fragments. Although plastic and carpet wrappings partly impeded detection of insect heat signatures, these materials were clearly detectable themselves because of their contrast to the background ground surface. Thermal signatures of buried partial remains and disturbed gravesoil were also observed; however, the buried whole carcass transitioned to adipocere prior to the decay stage and without any insect colonization or heat signature. These data can inform operational implementation of this technique to complement existing search strategies to offer a robust, low‐cost alternative for use where scene characteristics allow.     

246例高坠案件中坠落高度与损伤分析

目的对高坠案件进行统计分析,为相关鉴定研究提供参考。方法收集上海市浦东地区最近十年来记录有坠落距离的246例高坠案件,对人体损伤的特点进行比较分析。结果自杀高坠的高度显著高于意外高坠的高度(25.70m:13.98m);所有高坠中,头部损伤概率较高(75.2%),颈部损伤概率较低(6.5%);意外高坠的头部损伤概率高于自杀组(89.4%:75.2%)。结论意外高坠的死者比自杀高坠的死者更缺乏四肢对于头部的保护;过低的颈部损伤发现率提示国内法医工作者应该更加重视在高坠案件中的对于颈部损伤的检查。     

论我国统一合同法中表见代理的构成要件

本文从表见代理制度的价值入手 ,分析出表见代理的构成要件的缺陷 ,认定其价值追求有失公平之合同法基本原则 ,从而主张把本人 (被代理人 )的过失亦作为其构成要件 ,以平衡本人与第三人 (相对人 )的利益。可是 ,借于统一合同法已颁布实施 ,对此缺陷只能且必须用限制性司法解释给予弥补     

A Novel Solvent-based Method to Separate Duct Tape from Porous Surface for Fingerprint Development

In this study, we have proposed a novel solvent-based method using a specific concentration of 3M™ Novec™ HFE-72DE and 7200 solvents to untangle duct tape from porous article with minimal impact to the quality of latent fingerprint deposited on the sticky-side surface of duct tape. A series of experiments determined that a mixture of 30% HFE-72DE:7200 (v/v) was found to be the most effective to separate various brands of duct tape from different types of porous surface, including office copy paper, newspaper, cardboard, and tissue wipe, which had been stored for up to 30 days before untangling. Further studies also revealed that 30% HFE-72DE:7200 was compatible with three common fingerprint development methods for porous articles, namely ninhydrin, indanedione-zinc, and physical developer. The nonflammability and low toxicity nature of this novel solvent mixture also make it ideal for separating duct tape from porous surface in laboratory or at crime scene.     

Visualization of latent fingerprint corrosion of metallic surfaces

Abstract:  Chemical reactions between latent fingerprints and a variety of metal surfaces are investigated by heating the metal up to temperatures of ∼600°C after deposition of the fingerprint. Ionic salts present in the fingerprint residue corrode the metal surface to produce an image of the fingerprint that is both durable and resistant to cleaning of the metal. The degree of fingerprint enhancement appears independent of the elapsed time between deposition and heating but is very dependent on both the composition of the metal and the level of salt secretion by the fingerprint donor. Results are presented that show practical applications for the enhancement to fingerprints deposited in arson crime scenes, contaminated by spray painting, or deposited on brass cartridge cases prior to discharge. The corrosion of the metal surface is further exploited by the demonstration of a novel technique for fingerprint enhancement based on the electrostatic charging of the metal and then the preferential adherence of a metallic powder to the corroded part of the metal surface.     

响应面分析法优化马兰总黄酮提取工艺研究

目的 应用响应面分析法优化马兰总黄酮的提取工艺。方法 以单因素研究为基础,以总黄酮提取量为响应值,以4因素3水平的响应面分析法优化马兰总黄酮的提取工艺。结果 马兰总黄酮的最优提取工艺条件为：乙醇浓度为40%,液料比为〖DK(〗16.5∶1,〖DK)〗提取时间为2 h,提取次数3次,在该条件下,马兰总黄酮提取量预测值为162.538 mg,实际验证值为156.867 mg,并得出各因素对马兰总黄酮提取量的影响大小依次为乙醇浓度、液料比、提取次数、提取时间。结论 响应面分析法可用于优化马兰总黄酮的提取工艺,实验验证值与模型预测值基本相符。     

人体体表损伤法医学鉴定软件开发及应用

通过运用人体体表损伤法医学鉴定软件,进行各种体表损伤和瘢痕面积、长度、骨折畸形愈合角度和关节活动度等测算。用于人体轻伤和重伤、交通事故损伤、工伤、军人伤残、意外伤害保险等损伤程度的法医学鉴定,亦可用于临床烧烫伤等损伤面积和程度准确计算。本软件基于 Windows平台,应用 Visual Basic6.0编程,设计了扫描照片、数码照相、联机摄象和鼠标多种录入损伤图象路径,打印输出图文格式化鉴定书。测算结果具客观性和重复性好,克服了传统方法的弊端。软硬件环境通用,界面友好,简单易学。经数家法医学鉴定机构 3年多的两百多例实际检案应用,取得了较好的社会效益。     

荧光黄湿粉显现手印方法的初步研究

目的研发一种具有荧光特性的黄湿粉,以提取遗留在不同客体上的不同种类的手印。方法在100mL温水中加入适量的表面活性剂,溶解后加入100g荧光黄颜料,选用不同种类客体及不同种类物质手印进行显现实验,比较显现效果;结果遗留在光滑非渗透性客体及半渗透性客体表面的汗潜、油潜手印,显出的手印纹线流畅、反差强、荧光强;结论荧光黄湿粉可适用于光滑非渗透性客体及半渗透性客体表面新鲜或较新鲜汗潜手印、油潜手印及血潜手印的显现。     

Forensic Age-at-Death Estimation from the Human Sacrum*

Abstract: A new method is described here that incorporates seven developmental and degenerative changes for estimating chronological age from morphological features of the human sacrum. The construction of this method involved multiple stages of trait identification, character-state definition and age correlation, rank-order phase development, and percent-correct sample testing with phase and sample aggregation, all of which resulted in a six-phase component system for application on modern individuals. This phase system was first developed on European American male and female samples from the Hamann-Todd collection; then tested on African American male and female Hamann-Todd samples as well as European American male and females from the WM Bass collection to examine possible sex and/or ancestry differences. Variation in age estimates due to sex and ancestry was negligible; thus, the multiple samples were all pooled creating a robust method with a large sample size. Overall age ranges increase in width at two standard deviations as is expected from degenerative age-related processes but retain utility in forensic situations.     

人体体表损伤面积及关节活动角度智能测量与辅助鉴定系统开发应用

本系统由图像采集、分析处理、档案管理、报告生成、联机帮助五个子系统组成。图像采集采用摄像录入，可以支持数码相机、扫描仪录入。面积计算采用模式识别技术标定边界“曲面坐标网格法”直接计算损伤面积。关节活动角度测量允许交点不在图像内，用终止用与起始角相减获得关节活动角度，对四肢及脊柱活动均能较准确测量。