Theoretical and Empirical Work on the Relationship Between Unemployment and Crime

Part of the ongoing debate between Cantor and Land and Greenberg centers on differing opinions about the question of interest in Cantor and Land (1985). We begin this article with our opinion that Cantor and Land's theory relates changes in the business cycle to changes in the aggregate rate of crime. We then question whether year-to-year changes adequately reflect changes in the business cycle, which last on average 4 years, and we refer to an article by Cook and Zarkin (1985) which presents an alternative method of measuring business cycle changes. We also discuss how Greenberg's use of cointegration provides an alternative way of addressing the difficult statistical problem of nonstationarity without resorting to first differences. Our final contribution involves noticing that opportunity and motivational theories of crime can be structurally identified by focusing on different types of crime rather than temporal lags. We demonstrate this idea by splitting car theft into joyriding and theft for profit. We show that joyriding appears to be driven by opportunity, while the causal structure of theft for profit is less clear.     

On the discriminability of the handwriting of twins

As handwriting is influenced by physiology, training, and other behavioral factors, a study of the handwriting of twins can shed light on the individuality of handwriting. This paper describes the methodology and results of such a study where handwriting samples of twins were compared by an automatic handwriting verification system. The results complement that of a previous study where a diverse population was used. The present study involves samples of 206 pairs of twins, where each sample consisted of a page of handwriting. The verification task was to determine whether two half-page documents (where the original samples were divided into upper and lower halves) were written by the same individual. For twins there were 1236 verification cases -- including 824 tests where the textual content of writing was different, and 412 tests where it was the same. An additional set of 1648 test cases were obtained from handwriting samples of nontwins (general population). To make the handwriting comparison, the system computed macro features (overall pictorial attributes), micro features (characteristics of individual letters), and style features (characteristics of whole-word shapes and letter pairs). Four testing scenarios were evaluated: twins and nontwins writing the same text and writing different texts. Results of the verification tests show that the handwriting of twins is less discriminable than that of nontwins: an overall error rate of 12.91% for twins and 3.7% for nontwins. Error rates with identical twins were higher than with fraternal twins. Error rates in all cases can be arbitrarily reduced by rejecting (not making a decision on) borderline cases. A level of confidence in the results obtained is given by the fact that system error rates are comparable to that of humans (lower than that of lay persons and higher than that of questioned document examiners [QDEs]).     

"片云头上黑,应是雨催诗"——论自然气象兴感与诗歌审美意境营造

包括风、雨、霜、雪等在内的自然气象是中国古代诗歌中的常见题材,在长期的创作实践中,自然气象与诗人之间建立起了一种较稳固的互动关系。一方面自然气象在审美愉悦、社会心理等方面对诗人的创作动机产生着直接的激励作用,这种作用是随着人们对自然气象审美功能的认识和诗歌创作的不断发展而显现的,从魏晋南北朝时期物感说中的混沌一体,到唐宋时期兴感说中的条分缕析,可洞悉这种作用的历史发展轨迹;另一方面,诗人在诗歌创作中,主动运用自然气象的意境营造功能,形成了不少凝结历史传统和民族心理的审美意境,如对床夜雨、寒夜听雨等。     

Recovery of Spray Paint Traces from Clothing by Beating

Manual recovery of spray paints from textiles using a microscope, the routine method in many laboratories, is often laborious. Beating the clothing with a plastic rod, the routine method used for recovery of glass traces within the authors’ laboratory, is proposed as an alternative. The efficiency of the method was evaluated by spray tests with fluorescent paint. In these tests, paint particles in the acquired debris samples, as well as those remaining on the textiles, were investigated. The results show that beating is an efficient way to recover and concentrate paint particles. A good efficiency for jeans fabric and rough knitwear is reported. The results appeared to be less satisfactory for smooth woven fabric. Application of the method in casework was effective for graffiti paints as well as for flaked car paint.     

论警察形象塑造途径

塑造良好的人民警察形象是警察组织自身发展的主要任务,是做好群众工作的内在要求,更是全面深化公安改革,大力推进"四项建设"以及维护党的领导、确保社会稳定的重要基础,必须重视。针对社会转型期警察形象受到影响的现状,应从警察组织内外两方面进行原因分析并通过增强自身能力素质、理顺警察组织体制、注重公安工作宣传、完善警察保障机制和建立社会联防机制等途径重塑警察形象。     

关于利用彩色反转片拍照痕迹物证的探讨

在刑事技术工作中,使用彩色反转片拍照痕迹物证,然后利用柯达C—41的冲洗工艺加工,对于拍照提取与承受客体颜色相近、较难拍照的痕迹物证可以取得较好的效果,数码技术可以应用于彩色反转片的后期图像加工。     

灵活性与稳定性:中国开发区工会组织情况调查

随着全球化的发展,发展中国家纷纷设立以吸引外国资本进入为目的的各类开发区(如保税区、出口加工区等),同时向外国投资者提供各类经济和社会优惠政策以换取资本输入.最主要的优惠政策之一是限制区域内的工会活动或工人结社的权利.国际劳工组织注意到了这一现象并在各国开展了有关开发区劳动条件和工会组织情况的调查研究.本文在对中国开发区内进行调研的基础上,主要对中国地区开发区内的工会组织情况进行了分析,对开发区内工会组建过程中面临的困难、工会组建策略及集体协商的基本情况进行了梳理.通过研究发现,中国开发区内的工会活动既存在迎合资本活动的灵活性,也承担着维持开发区内劳动关系和谐的稳定性.     

形象思维的本质及其在公安教育中的重要作用

形象思维是人类基本思维之一,但长期以来都缺乏深入的研究。本文旨在从较深的层次去分析形象思维的本质,从而说明它在创造性思维和创新能力中的重要作用。目前我国的公安高等教育重视抽象思维而忽视形象思维,这不利于学生创造性思维和创新能力的培养。本文举例说明了形象思维在公安高等教育中的重要作用,并指出培养形象思维的途径。     

新中国成立以来我国国家形象建构

国家形象因其复杂、可塑和重要,它的建构已成为现代国家非常重视的课题。国家形象建构是理解、把握新中国成立以来光辉历程不可或缺的维度,因为建构稳定和向好的大国形象是中华人民共和国建国以来重要的内在关切和诉求,我们对此有自觉的认识和努力。新中国成立以来的伟大成就,极大地改变了中国各方面的客观源像,建构了诸如社会主义大国、东方大国、全球性大国等形象,总体上日渐趋好,中国国家形象建构取得很大成绩。国家形象建构和新中国建设、发展之间存在着内在的良性互动关系。也正因为如此,在分析不足的基础上探讨进一步优化国家形象的根本路径,有助于更好地推动中国特色社会主义在新时代健康前行。