Autonomy: A study of social exchange in a carceral setting

Marshaling ethnographic data from a county jail, this study introduces “autonomy”—a novel concept and measurement of the degree to which an actor's exchange initiations are regulated by other exchange relations. This study rearticulates mutual dependence arguments about the social order of penological living in terms of social exchange theory and offers several innovations: 1) the structural forms of exchange relations in a penal housing unit stratify “carceral autonomy” across members of a social order; 2) diminished carceral autonomy contributes to the buildup of “exchange frustration”—the mixture of discontent and sadness experienced when goals cannot be achieved due the structure of an exchange network; 3) deprivations, inefficacies, and imported cultural standards contribute to what is exchanged and with whom in a penological setting; 4) caretaking in penological housing units is as much about maintaining social order through a form of generalized exchange as it is about network members helping each other; and 5) the emotional landscape of penological living can be mapped, in part, by examining the distribution of carceral autonomy and exchange frustration.     

我国商法的核心价值:逻辑展开与实践应用

总纲性规范的缺失以及以之为载体的商法核心价值的模糊是我国商事司法实践中法律适用困境的重要原因。为使我国商法理论研究与商事立法、司法等实务活动获得确定的价值指引，有必要对我国商法核心价值的逻辑展开及实践应用进行系统研究。商法的核心价值曾被普遍界定为效率或效益，但基于正本清源，应将其界定为自由，其内容主要表现为强化私法自治与经营自由。商法中自由价值的边界应立足于秩序价值进行界定。在商事立法、监管及审判活动中，应立足于自由与秩序的平衡，使商法核心价值的得到合理应用。     

Can constituent states influence foreign and security policy? Coalitional dynamics in India

Abstract

The Indian state has undergone significant transformation since the late 1980s, most notably the extensive decentralisation of power, with consequences for the formation and implementation of Indian foreign policy. This article explores the role of India’s constituent states explaining the extent and limitations of their autonomy and influence. It deploys and extends the state transformation approach to incorporate considerations of issue area and coalition type. Under coalitions led by typical national parties, subnational governments are less likely to influence foreign and security policy. Under the same coalition type, they are more likely to behave autonomously on non-traditional security issues such as sharing of water resources with neighbouring countries. They are less likely to behave autonomously on security issues such as the transnational expression of ethnic solidarity. Under coalitions led by atypical national parties or regional parties, subnational governments are likely to exercise a moderate level of autonomy and influence on issue areas such as transnational expression of ethnic solidarity. They are likely to exercise a high level of autonomy and influence on non-traditional security issues such as sharing of water resources. The framework is illustrated through Tamil Nadu’s activism on Sri Lanka, and West Bengal’s position on water-sharing with Bangladesh.     

国际民商事合同中的默示选法问题研究

在国际民商事合同的法律适用问题上,尊重当事人默示选法的意图,得到国内法与国际条约层面的广泛接受。但当事人默示选法在理论上还存在诸多争论。当事人的默示选法应当是对当事人业已存在的默示选法意图之认定,而不是对其选法意图的推定或假设,而且,当事人的默示选法在本质上是明示选法的一种特殊形式。在实践中,据以确定默示选法的因素包括仲裁(法院)选择条款、相关交易中的法律选择条款、在合同中"提及"或"并入"某国法律以及标准格式合同等。在认定当事人的默示选法时,应将上述指示因素以及合同和案件的整体情况综合起来一并考量。现有条约和国内法实践表明,对于默示选法的证明要求问题,各国尚未形成一致做法。我们应该在承认当事人默示选法的前提下,一方面要严格默示选法的证明要求,另一方面要进一步明确默示选法实施过程中应注意的相关难题。     

美国大学董事会人事事务的“公私差异”研究

为给我国不同类型的大学借鉴美国大学之法人-董事会制度提供参考，通过分析来自美国15个州的15所著名公立大学和15所著名私立大学董事会人事事务的相关资料和数据，发现美国大学人事事务的“公私差异”主要表现在董事会的成员规模、成员产生方式、成员任期制度及校长和学生“入董”这四个方面。美国大学董事会人事事务的“公私差异”反映了不同类型的大学因为其性质的不同而在其安排最高决策层的人事事务时存在不同的内在逻辑。     

论大学生学习权司法救济的空间拓展

大学生学习权具有自由权属性与社会权属性。从应然的角度讲,具备独立法律人格的大学生具有选择学习内容、学习方法以及要求司法救济的权利。大学生的学习权利属于大学自治权属范围,就是依据学术共同体的自律作为营造大学法制秩序,保护大学生学习权的拥有、行使与受益。但是,由于大学内部利益预设的多元化并存,单纯的大学自治无法有效保护大学生学习权益。所以,有必要拓展大学生学习权司法救济的空间,让司法的阳光照进大学校园。     

营业转让中债权人利益的保护

我国现有对债权人保护的立法相对滞后,法出多门致使法律法规之间配套性差,导致债权人的债权实现愈加困难。文章对现行营业转让债权人利益保护的相关立法进行了梳理,并对构建我国营业债权人利益的保护提出了合理化建议。     

民族运动“新时期”关税特别会议的形势变化

近代中国御外的民族主义运动因五卅惨案的发生而进入新时期,其重心是实行废除不平等条约和反帝国主义。在执政府向各国正式提出修改不平等条约的情况下,执政府的提议、列强的默认与社会各界针对变更(废除或修改)不平等条约和关税会议的主张,展示着关税变动趋向是恢复中国关税自主权。     

欧美合同冲突法中意思自治原则的趋同化——从经济效率角度分析

比较欧美有关合同冲突立法中的意思自治原则可以发现,两者都将意思自治作为法律选择的首要方法,并且对于意思自治的限度呈现出在普通合同领域逐渐放松,在特殊合同领域渐趋加强的共同趋势。此种共同趋势的出现并不是偶然的,而是可以从经济效率角度作出解释。