论我国见索即付保函法律制度的构建

见索即付保函产生于二战以后蓬勃发展的国际商业实践。突破了传统保函的从属性,具备独立性与单据化特征使受益人得到迅速、便捷的资金补偿,从而被商业社会普遍接受。但由于各国交易惯例的差异和当事人理解上的偏差,相关纠纷时有发生。我国商业实践早在20世纪80年代就开始运用,但现有立法却仍没有明确其合法地位,也没有专门而系统的操作规范,司法实践亦对涉外领域和国内领域的保函效力予以区别对待。基于商业实践和保护相关当事人权益的需要,构建我国见索即付保函法律制度势在必行。     

State formation and economic development in post-war Somaliland: the impact of the private sector in an unrecognised state

ABSTRACT

Unrecognised internationally, Somaliland operates as a hybrid political order where a range of state and non-state entities provide security, representation and social services. Local business elites have impacted state formation after war by lobbying against a range of regulations, providing the government with loans and contributions rather than paying sufficient taxes, and by hindering the development of sound financial institutions. The success of such activities has led to de facto protectionism, where foreign ventures have had limited access to the Somaliland market. While such protectionism may have negatively impacted economic development and growth opportunities, recent engagements by multinational corporations in the Berbera port suggest that foreign private investments risk sparking violent conflict. In contrast, domestic businessmen have played a role in preventing or resolving violent conflict at crucial stages in Somaliland’s recent history. Based on fieldwork in Somaliland, we argue that the impact of international corporate actors in post-war contexts needs to be understood in light of local culture and power dynamics, in which the political and economic roles of local business elites are central.     

非营利组织营利活动及其收入的税法规制——制度比较分析的视角

本文通过中外理论及法律法规比较,揭示了非营利组织的基本特征,即非营利组织是具有组织性、非利润分配性、民间性、自治性和志愿性的组织。同时,为了扩大收入来源,保证非营利组织的可持续发展,国家应在附加有关限制条件的基础上,允许非营利组织开展营利活动。与此同时,需采用不同标准划分非营利组织营利收入的来源和用途,针对不同类型的收入设计不同的税收优惠政策,从而达到鼓励社会力量兴办公益事业、促进市场公平竞争的目的。     

论大学生学习权司法救济的空间拓展

大学生学习权具有自由权属性与社会权属性。从应然的角度讲,具备独立法律人格的大学生具有选择学习内容、学习方法以及要求司法救济的权利。大学生的学习权利属于大学自治权属范围,就是依据学术共同体的自律作为营造大学法制秩序,保护大学生学习权的拥有、行使与受益。但是,由于大学内部利益预设的多元化并存,单纯的大学自治无法有效保护大学生学习权益。所以,有必要拓展大学生学习权司法救济的空间,让司法的阳光照进大学校园。     

An island unmixed: European military intervention and the displacement of Crete's Muslims, 1896–1908

This article examines the displacement of the majority of Crete's Muslim population after an upheaval led to the establishment of an autonomous regime on the island in 1898, following the military intervention by a coalition of European powers (Britain, France, Italy and Russia). By drawing a connection between Cretan topography and the type of intervention, I argue that the coalition's policies played a central role in Muslim emigration from the greatest Ottoman island. The article highlights the sectarian lens through which the European decision-makers regarded relations between the island's Christian and Muslim populations. In so doing, it makes a contribution to the history of European intervention in the Ottoman Empire. The final section offers a glimpse into the diminished Muslim minority under the autonomous regime, which was established after Abdülhamid II withdrew his soldiers from Crete, signifying de facto termination of Ottoman sovereignty on the island.     

Means of production versus means of coercion: can Russian business limit the violence of a predatory state?

In their most recent works, North and his coauthors (North, D. C., J. J. Wallis, S. Webb, and B. R. Weingast. 2012. In the Shadow of Violence: Politics, Economics, and the Problems of Development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; North, D.C., J. J. Wallis, and B. R. Weingast. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press) name the formation of organizations capable of effectively restricting violence in society as a necessary condition for transition from developing societies to societies with sustainable economic growth. However, the mechanisms of emergence and conditions for the operation of such organizations in contemporary developing countries remain unclear. We follow the logic of formation of such organizations using the case study of collective actions of the Russian business community aimed at restricting “state violence” against business. We seek to identify the conditions leading to a shift in the choice of strategies from attempts at informal agreements with extortionists controlling means of coercion to cooperation of businessmen and trace the further evolution of organized forms of collective action. Finally, we assess to what extent the created organizations can be efficient and self-supporting in the long term.     

太原市文化旅游产业发展模式探讨

文化是旅游的灵魂,旅游是文化传播的有利手段。文化产业与旅游产业结合而成的文化旅游产业将成为挖掘地方文化、推动旅游业发展、调整经济结构、发展地方经济的重要手段。太原市可参照以晋商文化、潮州文化等区域文化旅游产业为代表的成功模式,推出具有自身特色的文化旅游发展模式。