测谎检验的证明价值与法律控制要件探析——以民事诉讼为视角

民事案情纷繁复杂,有时难以甄别理清,探索完善有助于发现事实的新科学证据方法无疑是一种有益进路。测谎检验的适用尽管在国际与国内均存在肯定说与否定说之争,但其作为诉讼中探寻案件真相的新兴技术手段仍引起了各界的不断关注。相较于传统质证方法,测谎检验意见作为一种通过特殊物质化手段获取的关于案件知情人所述言词内容的真实性判断,具有客观性、科学性的优势,其更易排除主观因素的干扰,应作为证据的一种,具有一定的证明价值。通过对测谎检验技术对于真相证明意义的探讨,更关注对这种新技术的合理司法控制,拟通过证明评价僵局原则、当事人意愿原则、事实设问中的集中性原则、证据链形成原则等四个方面分析测谎检验的法律控制标准,规范该鉴定技术的适用,使测谎检验能够在民事诉讼的正轨中有序运行、健康成长。     

一种水下金属物证探测器的设计

目的 设计一种水下金属物证探测器,用于公安人员在池塘、沟渠、水井等水域中搜寻金属类物证.方法 采用金属探测技术、水下视频采集技术和无线传输技术相结合,实现探测器的多功能特性.结果 在深度不超过4m的水域中,借助探测器可以准确搜寻到金属物证.结论 该探测器具有金属探测以及视频图像采集、无线发送和保存的功能,能满足一定范围内搜寻水下金属物证的工作需求.     

屠宰猪肝和血清中乙型肝炎病毒及戊型肝炎病毒的检测

应用1对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)S基因保守区的引物,采用PCR方法从屠宰猪肝、血清中检测到了HBV,序列分析表明,扩增片段与已发表的HBV S基因的同源性高达98%~100%。电镜负染色样品观察结果表明,在HBV表面抗原ELISA检测强阳性反应的血清样品中存在有形态、大小与人HBV Dane颗粒和小球状颗粒相似的病毒粒子。针对戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2/ORF3重叠区设计了简并引物,采用巢式RT-PCR对屠宰猪肝和血清样品进行了检测。结果表明,部分屠宰猪肝中存在HEV。     

电子政务在政府管理创新中的实现途径

充分发挥电子政务在政府管理创新中的作用,必须加强电子政务工作领导,合理设计电子政务的建设目标,健全相关工作机构,整合人才资源,提供资金保障.     

电流斑的光镜和扫描电镜观察以及能谱测定

为了找出电流斑在扫描电镜下的特征性改变,作者用扫描电镜和能谱测定,配合光镜观察,对电击死者的22个皮肤电流斑和尸体上造成的18个皮肤电流斑和金属灼伤,进行了对比观察。结果表明,光镜下电流斑的形态改变与过去学者所述基本一致。非典型的电流斑难与热灼伤相鉴别。扫描电镜下电流斑的形态特征为:(1)损伤底部和壁上可见散在的小孔穴,直径为30～100μm,深浅不一,边缘不规则;(2)损伤组织表面大量细胞碎屑和颗粒;(3)组织和脱落细胞表面有裂纹;(4)损伤区内有散在的异物颗粒沉积,其形态为球形、方形或不规则形,电子密度较大。作者认为这些改变是电流作用造成,热灼伤不具备这些改变,故在扫描电镜下极易区别电流斑和热灼伤。所有电流斑均可测出与导体化学组成相同的金属元素。作者提出,扫描电镜下的上述形态改变和能谱测定结果可以作为诊断电流斑的依据。     

应用扫描电镜能谱仪检测电击伤皮肤表面的金属元素——附一例案例报告

作者采用已知化学组成的导体对家兔进行触电试验。取受损部位的皮肤作常规处理,用带能谱的扫描电镜作金属离子测定,仪器型号为 JXA-840-LinK-860。对检出的金属元素,进行了定性和半定量分析,并观察了元素的分布。作者在一例人体电击伤皮肤活检标本上检出铁元素,而对照皮肤则无,从而认定是含铁的导体与皮肤接触。电击伤与热烫伤的超微结构变化能区别。     

Analysis and discrimination of electrical tapes: Part I. Adhesives

This study involved the comparative analysis and discrimination of 90 electrical tape adhesives. The objectives included the evaluation of the ability of individual techniques to discriminate samples and the assessment of the ability of the techniques combined to distinguish samples. The techniques utilized were stereomicroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Stereomicroscopy, to assess adhesive colors of black, clear/colorless, and clear adhesives with brown tint, resulted in a discrimination of 53%. FTIR analysis yielded eight distinct groups with a discrimination of 67%. Py-GC/MS analysis resulted in 16 groups with a discrimination of 83%. These analyses confirmed and further subdivided the FTIR groups. SEM/EDS resulted in five separate groups at 17% discrimination, increasing the overall discrimination to above 85%.     

Differentiation of traumatic and heat-induced dental tissue fractures via SEM analysis

Previous studies have examined the effects of heating on teeth; however, none have identified characteristics that allow analysts to differentiate traumatic from heat-induced fractures. This study examined our ability to discern notable differences in preincineration traumatic fractures and heat-induced fractures in postincineration dentition. Twelve anterior dental specimens were subjected to blunt force trauma while a second set were not. All 24 samples were then incinerated in a muffle furnace at a peak temperature (900°C) consistent with house fires. The specimens were subsequently examined with a scanning electron microscope to identify and compare heat-induced and traumatic fractures. The results obtained during examination yielded no differences between the features displayed by specimens that had been inflicted with preincineration trauma and those that did not. Unlike bone, distinguishing features for the differentiation of traumatic and heat-induced fractures could not be compiled.     

对纤维蛋白诊断生前伤的评价——45例枪弹创组织的MSB染色和扫描电镜对比观察

生活反应是诊断生前伤的主要根据.近二十年来,法医病理学在研究生前伤和死后伤的诊断中,采用了多种新兴技术,如扫描电镜技术、酶组织化学技术、酶标技术、电泳技术等,促使生前伤的诊断水平有明显提高.伤后存活1小时死亡者,大部分皆可获得明确诊断;立即死亡或在濒死期形成的损伤,由于生活反应甚微,或受腐败等     

Pyrotechnic reaction residue particle analysis

Pyrotechnic reaction residue particle (PRRP) production, sampling and analysis are all very similar to that for primer gunshot residue. In both cases, the preferred method of analysis uses scanning electron microscopy to locate suspect particles and then uses energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to characterize the particle's constituent chemical elements. There are relatively few times when standard micro-analytical chemistry performed on pyrotechnic residues may not provide sufficient information for forensic investigators. However, on those occasions, PRRP analysis provides a greatly improved ability to discriminate between materials of pyrotechnic origin and other unrelated substances also present. The greater specificity of PRRP analysis is the result of its analyzing a large number of individual micron-sized particles, rather than producing only a single integrated result such as produced using standard micro-analytical chemistry. For example, PRRP analyses are used to demonstrate its ability to successfully (1) discriminate between pyrotechnic residues and unrelated background contamination, (2) identify that two different pyrotechnic compositions had previously been exploded within the same device, and (3) establish the chronology of an incident involving two separate and closely occurring explosions.