Epidemiological Considerations in the Conceptualization and Utilization of “Prevalence” and “Incidence Rate” in Family Violence Research: A Reply to Brownridge and Halli (1999)

Brownridge and Halli (1999) have argued that the literature on family violence is beset by confusion in the conceptualization and utilization of incidence and prevalence terminology. Although we basically agree with the authors' diagnosis of the field, definitions of prevalence and incidence that they propose as gold standards are sometimes discrepant with established concepts in epidemiology. Drawing on the epidemiologic literature, we present more solidly based and operational definitions of these terms and try to understand the meaning of each measure. The same confusion surrounding use of prevalence and incidence also reigns in child maltreatment research, as revealed in our review of major studies. We address some of the main but often overlooked issues associated with use of epidemiologic measures in an area of social research such as family violence and make some proposals.     

加强质量成本管理 提高企业经济效益

国际国内市场竞争的实质是产品质量竞争,而产品质量的提高与质量成本的提高具有密切关系。质量成本是指将产品质量保持在规定的水平上所需的费用,它包括预防成本、鉴定成本、内部损失成本和外部损失成本。实施对质量成本管理和控制是使企业在某一阶段达到质量水平与质量成本平衡的有效质量成本管理活动。     

Measurement and Other Errors in County-Level UCR Data: A Reply to Lott and Whitley

Lott and Whitley note that our analyses of the errors in the county-level UCR data used in More Guns, Less Crime (J. R. Lott, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998, 2000) ignore the fact that all data have measurement error, that the largest errors were in counties with low populations, and that population-weighted regressions were used. We agree that this mitigates some of the effects of the errors, but does not take them fully into account. We also note that this is but one of the problems associated with the analysis. We therefore find no reason to alter our original conclusion, that in their current condition, county-level UCR crime statistics cannot be used for evaluating the effects of changes in policy.     

政府协调社会经济利益关系的主要途径

当前,我国社会各阶层之间的利益矛盾和利益冲突日益凸现出来,经济利益关系失调已成为严重的社会问题。政府有责任树立正确的利益协调思想,建立健全利益协调机制,采取得力措施,有效协调各种利益关系,化解利益矛盾和冲突,使全体人民都能享受到改革发展的成果,逐步实现共同富裕。     

孔子的义利观对构建现代和谐社会的启示

孔子的义利观对几千年来的中国社会产生着极深远的影响。在孔子看来,“富与贵,是人之所欲也,贫与贱是人之所恶也”,肯定了追求物质利益和求富疾贫是人的天性;他肯定了“义然后取,人不厌其取”的行为准则,要求在求利时摆正个人利益与社会利益的关系;他认为:“有国有家者,不患寡而患不均,不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫,和无寡,安无倾。”主张平均、平等的思想。以现代的新视角来观照孔子的义利观,对于构建现代和谐社会有着重要的启示。     

生物遗传资源的保护利用与惠益分享

随着地球上物种资源的不断减少和生物技术迅猛发展对生物遗传资源需求的不断增加,发达国家加紧对生物遗传资源的控制和掠夺,而我国生物遗传资源流失的情况严重,急待加强对生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享。本文分析了我国在生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享法律法规方面的不足及问题,并提出了加强生物遗传资源保护和管理的完善办法。     

行政指导的法律定性及其构成要件初探

行政指导应属于非强制性行政行为。其构成要件包括行为目的、行为主体、非强制性行为方式、行为法依据以及诱导利益。     

生物遗传资源的保护利用与惠益分享

随着地球上物种资源的不断减少和生物技术迅猛发展对生物遗传资源需求的不断增加,发达国家加紧对生物遗传资源的控制和掠夺,而我国生物遗传资源流失的情况严重,急待加强对生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享。本文分析了我国在生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享法律法规方面的不足及问题,并提出了加强生物遗传资源保护和管理的完善办法。     

论数额犯罪

刑法理论对数额犯多作形式上的理解,认为数额犯所以为罪有一个量变到质变的过程。实践上则干脆认为数额犯是有着明确定罪标准的犯罪形态。本文从刑罚的可能性角度认为,数额犯是中国特有的一种犯罪形态,是我国犯罪概念的立法体现,是我国犯罪构成的司法表现,“数额较大”的本质是发动刑罚的可能性,对于数额犯所表现的那种危害社会的行为而言,其罪与非罪的变化不是质的变化,而是刑罚对其法益的量的限定,也是人权对刑罚权的限定。是刑法最终的对行为人不法的结果无价值的实质评价。     

"上诉利益"若干问题研究

"上诉利益"作为源于西方大陆法系民事诉讼中的一个理论,不仅其基本含义是指上诉人被声明不服的一审裁判所判定应当承担的不利益,以及在性质和类型上,属于一项实体性的或者说实质性的要件,而且,对于"上诉利益"的识别与判断,无论是对于原告还是被告,原则上都应当采用同一种学说或者标准,这就是"形式不服说".