当代中国文化形态及其走向

中国的改革开放和社会转型,带来了传统与现代、本土与外来的文化交汇,催生了各种不同的文化形态,这大致可分为主流文化、精英文化与大众文化三种形态。社会和谐发展的前提应该是主流文化、精英文化与大众文化良性互动。然而在全球化背景下,这三种文化形态内部关系紧张,同时精英文化与大众文化深受消费主义的影响,出现了精英文化商品化与大众价值观扭曲现象,这是今后我国社会主义文化发展繁荣亟需解决的重要课题。     

Institutional exclusion as a destabilizing factor: the mass unrest of 1 July 2008 in Mongolia

The paper discusses the 1 July 2008 mass protest in Mongolia. This event has no precedent in Mongolian history and represents a challenge for the social sciences as neither scholars nor political leaders predicted or even admitted its eventuality. Several forms of exclusion – economic, social and institutional – are considered as its potential source. It is argued that the theory of institutional exclusion allows making better sense of the situation. Institutional exclusion means the alienation of ordinary people from government and their inability to rely on the law and official procedures when being engaged in everyday activities. Two sources of primary data inform the analysis: a series of structured interviews with the protesters (N?=?20) and a collection of visual records made during the unrest (N?=?244). The data were processed using methods of both qualitative and quantitative content analysis.     

Discrimination of transparent polyethylene films based on identification of inorganic antiblocking agents

Several nondestructive and semidestructive analyses were used to discriminate colorless transparent polyethylene bags. Transparent plastic bags made from low-density and linear low-density polyethylene usually contain antiblocking agents to prevent sticking of the film, which makes it difficult to open the mouths of plastic bags. Inorganic antiblocking agents are uniformly dispersed in polyethylene films, so they are easily observed using optical microscopy. The particle size distributions of the antiblocking agents were compared by statistical tests. Particle composition was examined by elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry with a scanning electron microscope and by molecular vibration analysis using a sensitive microscopic Raman spectrometer. The compositions could be determined nondestructively on the basis of the results. These data reinforce the morphological discrimination. Morphological discrimination of the dispersed antiblocking agent powders, statistical comparison of particle size distributions, and compositional analysis of the antiblocking agents strengthen the ability to discriminate polyethylene films.     

Trace detection of meglumine and diatrizoate from Bacillus spore samples using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, letters containing Bacillus anthracis were distributed through the United States postal system killing five people. A complex forensic investigation commenced to identify the perpetrator of these mailings. A novel liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry protocol for the qualitative detection of trace levels of meglumine and diatrizoate in dried spore preparations of B. anthracis was developed. Meglumine and diatrizoate are components of radiographic imaging products that have been used to purify bacterial spores. Two separate chromatographic assays using multiple mass spectrometric analyses were developed for the detection of meglumine and diatrizoate. The assays achieved limits of detection for meglumine and diatrizoate of 1.00 and 10.0 ng/mL, respectively. Bacillus cereus T strain spores were effectively used as a surrogate for B. anthracis spores during method development and validation. This protocol was successfully applied to limited evidentiary B. anthracis spore material, providing probative information to the investigators.     

Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Profiles of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Based on Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS)*

Abstract: The chemical profiling of illicit drugs is an important analytical tool to support the work of investigating and law enforcement authorities. In our work, comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐TOFMS) combined with nontargeted, pixel‐based data analysis was adapted for the chemical profiling of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The validity and benefit of this approach was evaluated by analyzing a well‐investigated set of MDMA samples. Samples were prepared according to a harmonized extraction protocol to ensure the comparability of the chemical signatures. The nontargeted approach comprises preprocessing followed by analysis of variances as a fast filter algorithm for selection of a variable subset followed by partial least squares discriminant analysis for reduction to promising marker compounds for discrimination of the samples according to their chemical profile. Forty‐seven potential marker compounds were determined, covering most of the target impurities known from the harmonized one‐dimensional profiling as well as other compounds not previously elucidated.     

4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系及应用

目的构建D6S474、D20S482、D4S2408、D6S1017等4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系,评价其对腐败检材的应用价值,调查4个基因座在汉族人群中的遗传多态性。方法采用不同荧光标记4个miniSTR基因座上游引物,构建复合扩增体系。用分子克隆方法制备等位基因分型标准物。采用上述体系对135份汉族无关个体血样进行检测,并计算群体遗传学参数。比较该体系与ID试剂盒在降解检材分析中的成功率。结果采用本文复合扩增体系检测,汉族人群中4个基因座基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律,累积个人识别能力为0.999 666,累积非父排除率为0.914 902。本文体系较ID试剂盒对自然腐败检材的分型成功率更高。结论 4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系对法庭科学实践,特别是对腐败检材的检测有应用价值。     

PuriTyper~(TM)法医学纯化试剂盒的性能验证

目的验证PuriTyperTM纯化试剂盒各项性能指标和法医学应用价值。方法收集及制备抗凝血液、常见案件检材(唾液、烟头、精液、毛发、指甲、骨骼及组织块)、斑痕样本(血斑、唾液斑、精斑)以及模拟添加抑制剂和模仿自然环境中放置的血斑。采用PuriTyperTM纯化试剂盒提取纯化并进行DNA定量,IdentifilerTM复合扩增试剂盒扩增,产物经ABI 3130遗传分析仪进行检测,Genemapper软件分析结果,对该试剂盒灵敏度、稳定性、重复性、检材适应性进行测试。结果采用该试剂盒提取0.1～40μL血液分别获得0.042～26.45ng/μL的DNA。3种斑痕样本DNA产量平行试验结果稳定。不同类型检材重复检验所获IPC的CT平均值在27.60至28.03之间。常见案件检材所得分型与已知结果均一致。结论 PuriTyperTM纯化试剂盒能够满足法医DNA检验的要求,对法医学实践具有重要的应用价值。     

用Y-STR单倍型推断男性个体来源的分析

目的 利用17个Y-STR单倍型数据,推断分析浙江绍兴地区男性个体来源,为Y-STR数据库的建设与应用提供依据.方法 采集绍兴地区6县(市)区,104个镇(乡),1240个村的138个姓氏家族的7384份男性个体血样.采用YfilerTM复合扩增试剂盒进行17个Y-STR分型,所得数据进行县(市/区)/镇(乡/街道)/村/姓氏的组合和县(市/区)/镇(乡/街道)/村/姓氏/单倍型组合分布情况统计分析.结果 在7384份男性样本中,获得2 486种县(市/区)/镇(乡/街道)/村/姓氏组合,4957种县(市/区)/镇(乡/街道)/村/姓氏/单倍型组合,3149种Y-STR单倍型.其单倍型出现的次数从1至52次不等,其中仅出现1次的有2 471种(78.47％).对出现频率为17～ 52次的单倍型数据进行姓氏分析,发现平均有71.0％ (42.9％ ～87.5％)的人员来自同一姓氏,且在地域上多数为相邻镇或村的同姓人员.结论 利用Yfiler系统的17个Y-STR基因座单倍型数据,可以推断浙江绍兴地区男性个体的地域或姓氏来源.     

植物SSR标记的研究现状及其在法庭科学中的应用

随着SSR分子标记技术的深入研究,其在植物遗传多样性分析、种属鉴定、个体识别中得到越来越广泛的应用。本文就植物SSR分子标记技术的特性、发展、研究现状进行综述,并探讨其在法庭科学中的应用前景,旨在为法庭科学和相关学科中的应用和相关领域中的研究提供参考。     

蛋白酶K-Chelex100法提取肋软骨DNA技术的优化

目的优化蛋白酶K的用量和消化时间,用于提取肋软骨DNA。方法 30份肋软骨样本各取大小为0.2cm×0.3cm×0.4cm的软骨块5份,分别编为A～E组。采用不同蛋白酶K用量和消化时间的Chelex100方法,提取5组各30份软骨块DNA,进行DNA定量、采用Sinofiler试剂盒扩增后进行电泳检测,采用非参数检验法比较检验成功率。结果 A～E组样本中采用加入2μL蛋白酶K并消化30min的D组方法成功率最高(96.7%),组间差异具有统计学意义。结论采用蛋白酶K-Chelex100方法,选择加入2μL蛋白酶K,消化30min可有效提高肋软骨DNA分型检验成功率。