Accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography of the jaws for comparative forensic identification: a preliminary study

Conventional computed tomography is an emerging modality in forensic identification but is not sufficiently accurate for use in dental identification primarily because of problems with metallic dental restoration-induced streak artifact. In this study, the accuracy and reliability of recording forensic information from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the jaws when compared to conventional panoramic radiographs has been analyzed under experimental conditions. Information could be recorded with near-perfect repeatability and reproducibility. Information could also be recorded accurately, the sensitivity being 96.6% (95% CI, 95.1-98.1) and specificity being 98.4% (95% CI, 96.2-100). The metal dental restoration-induced streak artifact was at a level that permitted, in most cases, accurate observations. This is considered an important step in validating CBCT as a tool in comparative dental identification of bodies. It may have a role in mass fatalities and in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents, but further studies are required to assess the feasibility of this.     

焦磷酸测序技术分析单核苷酸多态性在法医学中的应用

单核苷酸多态性（SNP）是新一代的法医学遗传标记,有望成为法医实践中解决高度降解检材及特殊案件DNA鉴定的重要工具。近年来涌现出许多高通量的SNP分析方法,如引物延伸结合时间飞行质谱分析法、微测序法、SNP lex以及焦磷酸测序法等。本文重点对焦磷酸测序技术的原理、步骤及其在法医学中的应用进展进行简要的综述。     

Evaluation of Stature Estimation from the Database for Forensic Anthropology*†

Abstract: Trotter and Gleser’s ( 1 - 3 ) stature equations, conventionally used to estimate stature, are not appropriate to use in the modern forensic context. In this study, stature is assessed with a modern (birth years after 1944) American sample (N = 242) derived from the National Institute of Justice Database for Forensic Anthropology in the United States and the Forensic Anthropology Databank. New stature formulae have been calculated using forensic stature (FSTAT) and a combined dataset of forensic, cadaver, and measured statures referred to as Any Stature (ASTAT). The new FSTAT‐based equations had an improved accuracy in Blacks with little improvement over Ousley’s ( 4 ) equations for Whites. ASTAT‐based equations performed equal to those of FSTAT equations and may be more appropriate, because they reflect both the variation in reported statures and in cadaver statures. It is essential to use not only equations based on forensic statures, but also equations based on modern samples.     

福尔马林固定组织SNP与STR检测的比较

目的检测经长期福尔马林固定的组织降解情况,并比较组织中SNP与STR的检出率。方法本文对24例经福尔马林固定、-20℃保存5年的组织样本,采用Quantifiler?Trio DNA定量试剂盒检测样本DNA的降解系数及浓度,运用55-SNPs SNa Pshot复合分型体系和Power Plex?21试剂盒分别进行SNP与STR检测。结果大部分样本降解系数在1~8,发生不同程度的降解。与未降解样本相比,SNP分型完全一致,检出率为100%;其中8例样本STR分型存在33个等位基因丢失,降解系数均大于2.6,且75.8%的等位基因片段长度大于300bp。当样本检测出16个STR基因座时,似然率与54个SNP相当。当样本检出大于17个STR时,似然率大于54个SNP。STR基因座片段长度与等位基因检出率之间呈负相关。除2例样本降解系数较小却发生等位基因丢失外,其余样本降解系数与等位基因检出率之间呈负相关。结论经福尔马林长期固定的组织DNA易降解,检测SNP明显优于STR,但需要更多的SNP以提高个体识别能力。     

MicroRNAs法医学应用的可能性和局限性

MicroRNAs是一类长度约18~24nt在转录后水平调控基因表达的内源性小分子非编码RNA。microRNA的高度保守性、时序性和组织特异性,使其在法医体液鉴别、个体年龄推断、死亡时间推断、毒物分析、伤因死因分析等中的应用成为可能。但法医学中microRNA鉴定数量的有限性,以及研究方法的不确定性也限制了其从理论研究到实践应用的发展。     

应用Miseq FGx平台检测降解骨骼样本效果初探

目的评估Miseq FGx平台检测降解骨骼样本效果。方法对10例基于PCR-CE方法 STR分型结果不理想的降解骨骼样本用Miseq FGx平台检测,比较两个平台STR位点的检出结果和检出率。结果 10例降解骨骼样本在Mi Seq FGx平台上的STR位点检出率均高于PCR-CE方法,一些用PCR-CE方法没有检出的STR位点,很有可能在Miseq FGx平台中检出。同时,Miseq FGx平台测序还获得了X-STR、Y-STR、SNP等遗传标记的大量信息。结论 Mi Seq FGx平台检测降解骨骼样本有较好的应用价值。     

二代测序技术在法医学中的应用

随着二代测序技术的快速发展,其高通量和低成本在生命科学领域应用广泛,测序的通量更高,测序时间和成本不断下降,使得其被广泛应用于微生物研究、古DNA研究、临床诊断、法医学研究等。本文阐述了二代测序技术平台及其遗传标记在法医学中的应用,包括STR分型、SNP分型、HLA基因型预测以及在降解检材中的应用等。     

27个常染色体AIM-SNP的筛选和验证

目的构建27个常染色体AIM-SNP组合用于未知个体种族来源推断。方法通过对Hap Map数据库中描述祖先遗传信息标记的908个AIMs位点(非洲、欧洲、东亚人群)筛选,选出27个AIMs位点组合,利用相关软件同时与数据库908个AIMs不同子集合的分析进行对比,验证其推断祖先来源的可行性。结果应用本研究27个AIMs的SNP多态性分析方法可以正确推断未知样品祖先起源,估算祖先成分比例。结论本研究建立的常染色体27个AIMs的SNP多态性分析方法可准确推断来自于欧洲、非洲、东亚3大祖先血统个体的祖先来源,是SNP多态性分析用于个体种族来源推断的一种有效方法,在法医实践中可以用于DNA检验中未知DNA供者洲际人群祖先来源推断。     

It’s a Man’s World,Try to Convince the Men Otherwise: The Role of Women in Irish Policing

Police organizations are historically and predominantly male organizations; as such, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of women in Irish policing. The literature review will analyze gender-specific organizational literature, focused on the United States. Theoretical components include biological determination and social constructivism in the policing context. The study is conducted through qualitative interviews and thematic analysis of 10 current and former Gardaí in Ireland. This study empirically contributes to how the organization views gender and how those differences are institutionalized in that Gardaí are treated differently based on their gender.