单亲亲子鉴定及其法律问题思考--附275例单亲鉴定分析

目的探讨单亲鉴定及其有关的法律及社会问题. 方法对1998年1月至2002年12月275例单亲鉴定进行回顾分析,对案例的数量、来源、鉴定事由、鉴定结论等作统计分析. 结果单亲鉴定近3年明显增多,占亲子鉴定总数的三成.案例来源以自诉为主,占95.27%.鉴定事由中,怀疑妻子有婚外性关系为主 ,占88.36%.275例单亲鉴定中,排除亲生关系39例,占14.18%.结果表明,非婚生子女只占少数. 结论自诉单亲鉴定存在法律盲区,但在维护家庭稳定具有一定作用.受理单亲鉴定宜取慎重态度,有关的社会及法律问题需要解决.     

PARENT-CHILD OBSERVATIONS IN CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Child custody evalutors need to increase the scientific foundations of their work, both for the benefit of clients and to address criticisms of the field. Observations of parents with children potentially yield huge amounts of data, and it is important for evaluators to consistently apply scientific and professional principles to make sense of all that information. Recommendations for observation sessions are made that integrate theory, research, and practice. These recommendations include the most important interactional dimensions to focus on, which family members to have present, the optimal level of stress, the number of sessions needed, and considerations about home visits.     

中毒鱼体材料中五氯酚的检验

目的　研究五氯酚的检验方法并对一起五氯酚钠投毒案进行检验。方法　采用高效液相色谱法及气相色谱 质谱联用法对案件所涉及的各种检验材料 ,尤其是鱼体材料中的五氯酚进行检验 ,同时分析新建技术的特点。结果　运用所建方法检出检材中的五氯酚。结论　所建方法可进行五氯酚钠投毒案件的检验 ,且适用范围广。     

DNA技术在系列案件串并中的应用

系列案件、流窜案件时空跨度大,严重影响社会稳定。对其进行及时的串并侦查是一项有效的侦查措施。DNA技术和DNA数据库目前已越来越多地应用于凶杀、强奸、盗窃、抢劫等许多系列案件的串并和认定,为最大限度打击犯罪,合理配置有限的侦查资源提供了强有力的科技支撑。     

STRICTLY LIABLE: GOVERNMENTAL USE OF THE PARENT–CHILD RELATIONSHIP AS A BASIS FOR HOLDING VICTIMS LIABLE FOR THEIR CHILD'S WITNESS TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Studies estimate that between three and ten million children in the United States witness domestic violence annually. Although studies have demonstrated a co‐occurrence of domestic violence and child abuse, there is no concrete evidence to support the assumption that a child's exposure to domestic violence increases the risk to the child of abuse or neglect. Recently the New York State Court of Appeals determined that a child's witness to abuse does not suffice, in and of itself, to show that removal of the child is necessary or that removal is in the “best interests” of the child. Programs which have developed alternatives to presumptive removal understand the importance of viewing the interests of the battered parent and children as being in accord with each other rather than in opposition. Private and government sponsored programs have demonstrated some success in protecting the parent‐child relationship, ensuring the safety of both parent and child, and increasing accountability of batterers while reducing the necessity for removals. Alternative programs are less costly to the state than foster care, and emotionally less costly to the families.     

显微操作法提取混合斑中精子细胞方法的探讨

目的尝试建立一种提取混合斑中精子细胞的检测方法。方法在人为控制条件下,制备精液—阴道液混合斑,分别使用显微操作法与差异裂解法分离精子细胞,提取DNA,进行STR基因型检测。结果采用显微操作法检测成功率11/12,差异裂解法成功率1/12,两者有显著性差异。结论显微操作法可有效获取精子细胞,排除女性物质和其它杂质的干扰,STR分型成功率优于差异裂解法。     

降解生物检材遗传标记检测的研究进展

降解生物检材遗传标记的检测一直是法医学实践和科研的难点。虽然PCR-STR分析技术能在一定程度上检测降解生物检材的遗传标记,但是对于某些高度降解的生物检材如骨骼、牙齿等的PCR-STR分型仍旧十分困难,存在不稳定性和分型异常现象。本文就近几年来PCR-STR分型技术在降解生物检材的法医实践中出现的问题和解决方法作一综述。     

4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系及应用

目的构建D6S474、D20S482、D4S2408、D6S1017等4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系,评价其对腐败检材的应用价值,调查4个基因座在汉族人群中的遗传多态性。方法采用不同荧光标记4个miniSTR基因座上游引物,构建复合扩增体系。用分子克隆方法制备等位基因分型标准物。采用上述体系对135份汉族无关个体血样进行检测,并计算群体遗传学参数。比较该体系与ID试剂盒在降解检材分析中的成功率。结果采用本文复合扩增体系检测,汉族人群中4个基因座基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律,累积个人识别能力为0.999 666,累积非父排除率为0.914 902。本文体系较ID试剂盒对自然腐败检材的分型成功率更高。结论 4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系对法庭科学实践,特别是对腐败检材的检测有应用价值。     

PuriTyper~(TM)法医学纯化试剂盒的性能验证

目的验证PuriTyperTM纯化试剂盒各项性能指标和法医学应用价值。方法收集及制备抗凝血液、常见案件检材(唾液、烟头、精液、毛发、指甲、骨骼及组织块)、斑痕样本(血斑、唾液斑、精斑)以及模拟添加抑制剂和模仿自然环境中放置的血斑。采用PuriTyperTM纯化试剂盒提取纯化并进行DNA定量,IdentifilerTM复合扩增试剂盒扩增,产物经ABI 3130遗传分析仪进行检测,Genemapper软件分析结果,对该试剂盒灵敏度、稳定性、重复性、检材适应性进行测试。结果采用该试剂盒提取0.1～40μL血液分别获得0.042～26.45ng/μL的DNA。3种斑痕样本DNA产量平行试验结果稳定。不同类型检材重复检验所获IPC的CT平均值在27.60至28.03之间。常见案件检材所得分型与已知结果均一致。结论 PuriTyperTM纯化试剂盒能够满足法医DNA检验的要求,对法医学实践具有重要的应用价值。