遗传标记微单倍型在法医学中的研究进展

微单倍型作为一种新型的法医学遗传标记,在国际法医学界已经引起了越来越多的关注。微单倍型是在较短片段内(例如200bp),包含2个或以上个SNP,具有单倍型多态性的序列。相较于STR,微单倍型突变率低,在混合斑鉴定中具有一定优势;与SNP相比较,微单倍型的多态性更高。选择含有祖先信息特征的微单倍型,在种群分析鉴定中具有应用价值。本文就微单倍型的演变,分型方法,命名及群体特征等方面作一综述。     

Adapting and Applying the Phenice (1969) Adult Morphological Sex Estimation Technique to Subadults

This research evaluated whether adult morphological sex estimation methods of the innominate could be adapted and applied to subadults. The subpubic concavity, described by Phenice (1969) and revised by Klales et al. (2012), was modified for use with subadults. Two observers scored radiographic images from the PATRICIA database of 334 individuals of both sexes aged between 1.19 and 20.47 years. Score frequencies shifted from score 2 (straight) to higher frequencies of score 3 (convexity) in males and score 1 (concavity) in females with increasing age. Using ordinal logistic regression, sex classification was highest for the oldest age cohort at 97.2% and then decreased by age cohort. Interobserver error rendered a high level of agreement (0.806) using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results indicate that the Klales method can be modified and applied to subadults to accurately estimate sex following the onset of puberty with a high degree of reliability and validity.     

Photo‐Realistic Statistical Skull Morphotypes: New Exemplars for Ancestry and Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology

Graphic exemplars of cranial sex and ancestry are essential to forensic anthropology for standardizing casework, training analysts, and communicating group trends. To date, graphic exemplars have comprised hand‐drawn sketches, or photographs of individual specimens, which risks bias/subjectivity. Here, we performed quantitative analysis of photographic data to generate new photo‐realistic and objective exemplars of skull form. Standardized anterior and left lateral photographs of skulls for each sex were analyzed in the computer graphics program Psychomorph for the following groups: South African Blacks, South African Whites, American Blacks, American Whites, and Japanese. The average cranial form was calculated for each photographic view, before the color information for every individual was warped to the average form and combined to produce statistical averages. These mathematically derived exemplars—and their statistical exaggerations or extremes—retain the high‐resolution detail of the original photographic dataset, making them the ideal casework and training reference standards.     

生命科技的最新发展与侵权责任法的制度回应

现代生命科技的发展给相对稳定的侵权责任法一个继续发展的强大策动力,而侵权责任法在这次发展中也表现了以下两种趋势：一是所保护的“法益”多样化;二是归责原则的客观化即过错推定的广泛适用、无过错责任扩大其适用范围、过错本身的客观化。其原因是在基因技术、生育控制和人体试验等现代生命科技领域存在信息不对称,人体试验等还具有高度危险性,而且生命科技侵权的绝大部分是由未尽合理注意义务造成的。     

云南汉族家系Y—STR基因座突变率研究

目的研究Y—filer试剂盒中DYS19等基因座在云南省汉族家系样本中的突变率。方法应用Y—filer试剂盒中的DYS456等16个Y—STR基因座对云南省30个汉族家系爷／孙、叔／侄和兄弟／堂兄弟亲权关系的106份样本进行基因分型检测,对DYS19等基因座分型与家系其他成员不同的样本分别进行了单位点的测序。结果6个（周姓、徐姓、王姓、袁姓、许姓、李姓）不同父系姓氏7例样本的10个Y—STR基因座发生突变,分别是DYS19、DYS385各2例,DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390、DYS458、DYS393、DYS635各1例,总突变率为5．549‰;王姓、袁姓、许姓家系中各有1例样本分别在2个Y—STR基因座上发生了突变。结论男性家系中随机样本Y—STR基因座的突变率高于父子对样本;用Y—STR基因座进行父系亲权鉴定和男性嫌疑人的家系排查时,既使有2个Y—STR基因座分型不同时也不要轻易排除其来源于同一父系家系。     

利用Identifiler分型系统推断同胞关系

目的探讨自主开发的同胞关系鉴定自动分析软件（ASI）对Identifiler分型系统进行同胞关系鉴定的可行性。方法应用本课题组所开发的软件ASI,对151对同胞及31 224对人工模拟无关个体进行Identifiler系统的15个常染色体STR基因座分型进行分析,计算亲权指数（PI）、同胞关系概率（WFS）和等位基因匹配情况,所获数据进行统计分析,自动计算排序。结果当WFS大于99.999%时,同胞个体占39.07%,无关个体占0%,两组具有显著差异,可以推断两个体同胞关系。当WFS介于1%~99.999%范围内,同胞个体和无关个体有部分重叠,同胞个体占60.93%,无关个体占21.3%,两者具有一定差异,可以通过增加检测STR基因座,再结合案情加作Y-STR、m tDNA检测,以推断两个体是否具有同胞关系。当WFS小于1%时,同胞个体占0%,无关个体占78.7%,可以推断两个体不具有同胞关系。个体间等位基因匹配结果表明：在检测Identifiler体系15个STR基因座时,当两个体常染色体STR基因座的全相同数目≥5时,或全不同数目≤1时,提示为同胞关系;当两个体全不同数目≥6时,或全相同数目≤1时,提示为无关个体,以此作为预测有无同胞关系的界值。结论Identifiler系统及同胞关系鉴定自动分析软件ASI可用于推断同胞关系。     

国产磁珠结合自动化工作站批量提取生物检材DNA的应用

目的建立国产磁珠结合自动化工作站批量提取案件中生物检材DNA的方法。方法采用国产磁珠结合Bio-Robert Universal System自动化工作站对案件中常见的生物样本进行DNA提取,检测Identifiler系统16个STR基因座,在ABI3130XL遗传分析仪上进行STR分型。其中210份样品同时在ABI7500型荧光定量PCR仪上进行定量。结果9100份10类生物检材应用国产磁珠结合自动化工作站,大部分可提取到足够的DNA进行STR检验。STR检验成功率最高的为口腔拭子、肌肉,达100%,接触细胞检材的成功率较低,为50.0%。结论国产磁珠结合自动化工作站可用于案件中常见的大部分生物样本的DNA提取。     

The Recovery of Latent Fingermarks from Evidence Exposed to Ionizing Radiation*

Abstract: Continual reports of illicit trafficking incidents involving radioactive materials have prompted authorities to consider the likelihood of forensic evidence being exposed to radiation. In this study, we investigated the ability to recover latent fingermark evidence from a variety of substrates that were exposed to ionizing radiation. Fingermarks deposited on common surfaces, including aluminum, glass, office paper, and plastic, were exposed to doses ranging from 1 to 1000 kGy, in an effort to simulate realistic situations where evidence is exposed to significant doses of radiation from sources used in a criminal act. The fingermarks were processed using routine fingermark detection techniques. With the exception of glass and aluminum substrates, radiolysis had a considerable effect on the quality of the developed fingermarks. The damage to ridge characteristics can, in part, be attributed to chemical interactions between the substrate and the components of the fingermark secretions that react with the detection reagents.     

Corporate Groups under Italian Law: A Comparative Approach and the Brand-New “Crisis Code”

This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the harmonization process of European law in the field of group of companies, referring to the development of a national “group of companies law” — from the company law reform to the crisis and insolvency code — with the purpose of examining the main aspects of the regulation in force, considering mainly the possible interaction with the rules on the crisis of the groups of companies introduced by the Legislative Decree No. 14/2019, and with the aim of analyzing its suitability for being devoted to the prospect of harmonization across countries.     

Proposed modification of a school-wide bully prevention program to support all children

Bullying prevention programs in the United States are being implemented in schools from kindergarten through high school to reduce rates of bullying behaviors. The bully prevention in positive behavior support (PBIS) model is an evidence-based, whole school intervention program. The PBIS model trains teachers, school staff, and administrators to model and provide positive reinforcement for children to decrease bullying amongst peers. This article addresses gaps in the current bullying prevention research by exploring challenges and potential modifications to the PBIS model based on staff perspectives of specific student needs. Utilizing focus group methodology, administrators, teachers, and support staff in a northeastern urban elementary school identified challenges experienced by students who were English language learners, impulsive, shy or sensitive, and female. The findings highlight the critical nature of school–parent relationships in addressing student, family, and cultural factors that influence the successful implementation of bullying prevention programs.