河南汉族人群27个Y-STR基因座的突变观察与分析

目的观察分析河南汉族人群中27个Y-STR基因座的突变情况。方法收集1 000对经常染色体STR检测确定父子关系的血样本,采用STRtyper-27Y系统扩增27个Y-STR基因座分型,统计各基因座发生突变次数和类型,计算突变率以及95%CI(可信区间)。结果 27个基因座中共有27 000次等位基因传递,共发现涉及24个基因座共92次突变,平均突变率(95%CI)为3.4×10-3(2.7~4.2×10-3),其中一步突变90次(97.8%),两步突变2次(2.2%);突变共涉及89对父子,其中86对仅1个基因座发生突变(96.6%),3对同时有2个基因座发生突变(3.4%)。等位基因增加突变与等位基因减少突变分别为43次和49次,两者比例为1∶1.14。结论河南汉族人群Y-STR基因座突变可涉及基因座较多,因此在数据库建设与日常检案中应注意防止错判。     

孔姓人群Y染色体遗传多态性研究及其法医学意义

目的获取孔姓人群Y-SNP和Y-STR遗传标记的信息,探索姓氏与Y染色体的关联性及法医学意义。方法采用等级复合扩增和SNaPshot技术检测255例孔姓男性和330例随机无关男性样本的12个Y-SNPs位点信息;采用Y filer试剂盒检测孔姓人群的17个Y-STRs基因座;应用Arlequin 3.5.1.2、Network4.6.1.1进行统计分析。结果12个Y-SNPs位点构成13种单倍群分型,孔姓人群和无关人群中最高分布频率的单倍群均为O3a2c1a-M117(21.57%,14.85%)。孔姓人群17个Y-STRs基因座构成的196种单倍型,多态性为0.993 9,单倍型14-12-25-28-19-15-12-19-12-11-12-22-12-11-14-10-19出现15次。O3-M122单倍群的中介网络树及不配对差异分析显示孔姓人群有两个中心星型分布,核苷酸不配对曲线呈单峰泊松分布。结论联合Y-SNP和Y-STR遗传标记分析表明孔姓人群存在复杂的基因交流,有多个姓氏起源,且在历史上经历过一定的扩张或持续增长,结合孔姓家谱历史分析其人群结构的遗传差异在法医学方面有潜在的应用价值。     

应用Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)平台检测中国汉族124个身份鉴定SNPs

目的应用Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)测序平台检测中国汉族群体124个身份鉴定SNPs(individual identification SNPs,IISNP)的多态性信息。方法采用Ion Ampliseq~(TM)Library试剂盒对中国汉族130个无关个体样本及2个家系共8个个体的124个SNPs(90个常染色体SNPs和34个Y染色体SNPs)进行复合扩增,在Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)测序平台上检测。结果中国汉族130个无关个体应得14 148个SNP分型,其中软件给出分型结果14 086个,正确14 085个(99.992 9%),分型偏倚1例(0.007 1%)。软件未报SNP分型62例,需人工校正分析。在90个常染色体SNPs中,MP值最高为0.817 3(rs740910),最低为0.348 0(rs2831700),CMP为6.8984×10~(-34);DP值最高为0.652 0(rs1355366),最低为0.182 7(rs727811),CDP为0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999999 999 999 999 310 2,高于22个STRs的CDP;PE值最高为0.278 1(rs1058083),最低为0.007 3(rs1024116),CPE为0.999 999 616 7,低于22个STRs的CPE。在34个Y-SNPs中,72个中国汉族男性无关个体共观察到8种单倍型。家系样本分型结果未发现突变,均符合遗传规律。结论 124个身份鉴定SNPs在中国汉族群体中具有良好的遗传多态性,是理想的个体识别遗传标记。Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)平台在法庭科学领域有较好的应用价值。     

Corporate Groups under Italian Law: A Comparative Approach and the Brand-New “Crisis Code”

This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the harmonization process of European law in the field of group of companies, referring to the development of a national “group of companies law” — from the company law reform to the crisis and insolvency code — with the purpose of examining the main aspects of the regulation in force, considering mainly the possible interaction with the rules on the crisis of the groups of companies introduced by the Legislative Decree No. 14/2019, and with the aim of analyzing its suitability for being devoted to the prospect of harmonization across countries.     

DXAGE: A New Method for Age at Death Estimation Based on Femoral Bone Mineral Density and Artificial Neural Networks

Age at death estimation in adult skeletons is hampered, among others, by the unremarkable correlation of bone estimators with chronological age, implementation of inappropriate statistical techniques, observer error, and skeletal incompleteness or destruction. Therefore, it is beneficial to consider alternative methods to assess age at death in adult skeletons. The decrease in bone mineral density with age was explored to generate a method to assess age at death in human remains. A connectionist computational approach, artificial neural networks, was employed to model femur densitometry data gathered in 100 female individuals from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection. Bone mineral density declines consistently with age and the method performs appropriately, with mean absolute differences between known and predicted age ranging from 9.19 to 13.49 years. The proposed method—DXAGE—was implemented online to streamline age estimation. This preliminary study highlights the value of densitometry to assess age at death in human remains.     

circRNA应用于体液斑鉴定的技术可行性研究

目的利用circ RNA检测技术,探索circ RNA分子应用于体液斑迹鉴定的可行性。方法制备精液、唾液、阴道分泌物三种体液斑迹样本,以Qiagen RNeasy Micro试剂盒提取总RNA,经RNase R消化后得到circ RNA,进行逆转录PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测分析。结果制备的体液斑迹样本均可检测到circ RNA分子,提示circ RNA普遍存在于法医常见体液斑迹中,具备一定的应用价值。结论 circ RNA的检测可与现有DNA检测技术兼容,利用其组织特异性,可成为体液斑迹鉴定的新标记,具备重要的研究价值。     

混合斑的研究进展

混合斑组成复杂,长期以来是法医物证研究的难题之一。混合斑主要分为两类:一是性侵害案件中大量女性阴道上皮细胞混合少量精子;二是普通来源的生物检材之间的混合,如血-血、唾液-血液混合等。近些年来,对混合斑的研究日渐深入,技术层面或理论分析都更加客观和多元化。针对第一类混合斑,出现了荧光/磁性激活、显微操纵、声波差异分离法等分离精子的新技术;第二类混合斑是研究的难点,近年来大规模平行测序、液滴微流控技术、乳液PCR(e PCR)、全基因组扩增等技术的出现,提高了次要成分的检出机率。此外,遗传标记也有相应的发展,传统遗传标记常染色体STR、Y-STR、SNP等检测位点越来越丰富,新兴遗传标记DIP、DIP-STR、SNPSTR、mt DNA-SNP、微单倍型等在混合斑研究中发挥的作用初步显露出来。文章最后涉及混合斑分析理论和计算软件的最新发展。     

现场生物斑迹遗留时间推断研究进展

就现场提取的生物检材而言,我们除了需要准确获得DNA STR分型进行个体识别和亲子鉴定,还希望能够通过技术手段获知其遗留时间、空间定位等更多信息。本文以血迹为主要研究对象,就国内外采用光学、细胞生物学、分子生物学等方法推断生物斑迹遗留时间进行总结,并对法医微生物学这一法庭科学新领域在时空线索推断中的应用做以介绍,为现场生物斑迹遗留时间推断研究提供参考。     

Proposed modification of a school-wide bully prevention program to support all children

Bullying prevention programs in the United States are being implemented in schools from kindergarten through high school to reduce rates of bullying behaviors. The bully prevention in positive behavior support (PBIS) model is an evidence-based, whole school intervention program. The PBIS model trains teachers, school staff, and administrators to model and provide positive reinforcement for children to decrease bullying amongst peers. This article addresses gaps in the current bullying prevention research by exploring challenges and potential modifications to the PBIS model based on staff perspectives of specific student needs. Utilizing focus group methodology, administrators, teachers, and support staff in a northeastern urban elementary school identified challenges experienced by students who were English language learners, impulsive, shy or sensitive, and female. The findings highlight the critical nature of school–parent relationships in addressing student, family, and cultural factors that influence the successful implementation of bullying prevention programs.