Homework

This article explores how plays in the 1890s engaged with an aspect of evolutionary theory that had become particularly vexed—namely, the idea of gender essentialism: whether motherhood was the true calling for women; whether the bond with the infant was inevitable and instinctive; whether, as Shaw's teleological, progressive vision would have it, the woman's evolutionary role was to be the ‘life force’, selecting the superior mate for the continued improvement of the species. Considering this question can deepen our understanding of the interaction between science and literature in this period, and also usefully complicate the narrative often told about the figure of the New Woman in drama. Two plays of this period address particularly well the question of what is ‘natural’ maternal behaviour: James A. Herne's Margaret Fleming (first staged in 1890) and Elizabeth Robins and Florence Bell's Alan's Wife (first staged and published in 1893).     

Distal Humerus Morphological Variation and Sex Estimation in Modern Thai Individuals,

Due to differential preservation, it is necessary to develop sex estimation methods on varied anatomical regions, including the distal humerus. Sexually dimorphic differences of the medial epicondyle angle, olecranon fossa shape, trochlear extension, and trochlear constriction have been documented in several non-Asian groups. This study examines distal humerus morphological variation in 616 modern Thai individuals (f = 198; m = 418) 18–96 years old and tests the methods on a hold-out sample of 152 individuals (f = 91; m = 61). The results indicate that population-specific binary probit regression performs the best (74.1–100%), followed by composite scoring (77.0–90.1%), binary logistic regression (63.3–92.2%), and univariate sectioning points (37.7–90.1%). Age minimally effects the expression of the medial epicondyle angle in males, and trait scoring is susceptible to high intra- and interobserver error. While demonstrating relatively high sex biases, distal humerus morphology can be used to estimate the sex of Thai individuals when more sexually dimorphic regions are absent.     

基于计算机自动识别的笔迹特征动力学分析

要实现计算机笔迹识别,必须深入分析笔迹特征和仔细甄别书写过程中的时间和空间的运动关系。汉字识别技术与笔迹鉴定相比,二者对检材、样本的条件要求不同,鉴定的目的不同,提取的特征不完全相同,得出的识别或鉴定的结果的意义不同。只有依照笔迹鉴定的要求,在特征提取、识别算法、测量技术等方面有突破性进展的基础上,才能实现身份认证意义上的计算机笔迹自动识别系统。     

生物安全--犯罪学研究的新领域

科学是一把无情的双刃剑,转基因技术在为人类带来福音的同时,也会制造出一系列潜在的社会、生态和经济危险.一系列以转基因技术为中心的生物安全问题,正越来越受到人们的关注,在当代犯罪学正继续将犯罪的领域扩展到经济、环境污染、危险控制、政府和全球化之时,生物安全带来的潜在关注无疑会为犯罪学的理论与实践开拓新的肥沃疆土.     

Winning & losing in coalition systems. A quasi-experimental study of the effect of coalition formation on satisfaction with democracy

Does government formation affect satisfaction with democracy? Research so far has focused on how winning or losing elections affects satisfaction with democracy, yet, in many coalition systems, who wins and who loses is not determined directly by the elections, but by the coalition formation process. Until now, the effect of government formation on satisfaction with democracy has not been examined. In this paper, we examine this using a quasi-experimental matching design examining eleven elections. We find some evidence that the formation of the coalition slightly but significantly lowers the satisfaction with democracy among those who supported a party that was removed from the governing coalition. This suggests that in coalition systems, looking at electoral winners and losers may be insufficient.     

Estimation of arrest careers using hierarchical stochastic models

This paper introduces a general procedure using hierarchical stochastic models for characterizing criminal careers within a population of heterogeneous offenders. Individuals engage in criminal careers which are treated as stochastic processes governed by fixed parameters (e.g., a rate parameter), and these parameters come from specified distributions. The parameters of these distributions at the upper level of the hierarchy must then be specified. The models are estimated using data on all persons arrested at least once in the six-county Detroit Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area during the 4 years 1974–1977 for a criterion offense (an index crime other than larceny) and arrested at least once for robbery through April 1979. The collected data set is not a random sample of all such offenders in the population. There is a bias toward selecting those with a higher arrest frequency. In order to make more general inferences, statistical adjustment was needed to overcome the arrest-frequency sampling bias. We construct a series of models for the arrest career and fit the models with the data set of arrests. After correcting biases in the data, we estimate the model parameters using empirical Bayes methods and then examine the resulting models.     

ABO基因分型的等位基因特异性引物消耗法

目的建立一种新的ABO基因型分型的等位基因特异性引物消耗法(CASPA)。方法根据ABO基因碱基序列中的第261、297、803nt3处多态性位点设计6条特异性引物及1条公用引物,采用CASPA法鉴定146名中国汉族无关个体血液斑样品的ABO基因型。结果146名中国汉族无关个体血液斑样品中检出AAb、AB、AO1、BOv、O1Ov、AA、BB、O1O1、BO1等9种基因型,结果明确,其基因频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。结论ABO基因型CASPA分型方法为ABO血型的鉴定提供了一个新的检测方法。     

共有基因数在同胞鉴定中应用的研究

目的　探索利用两个体间共有基因数目资料进行同胞关系鉴定的应用价值。方法　根据 80 7对同胞及无关个体的 13个STR基因座的分型结果 ,进行统计学计算。结果　同胞间及无关个体间共有基因数目均符合正态分布 ,分别得到同胞及无关个体关系的判别函数和后验概率 ,以及该方法的平均错判率。其中同胞组判别函数为 :L同胞 =-2 7 0 870 3 +3 2 0 2 3 2S (S为共有基因个数 ) ;无关个体组判别函数为 :L无关 =-7 495 63 +1 685 0 9S ,用上述判别函数进行同胞 /无关个体关系判别时的平均错判率为 0 0 2 65。结论　当共有基因数目大于 17或小于 8时 ,两个体为同胞或无关个体的后验概率分别大于 0 9980和 0 9994。此方法不失为同胞关系鉴定的可信度较高的方法。     

粪便DNA提取及检验

目的　研究人类粪便DNA的提取和检验方法。方法　 8人份粪便样本 ,磁珠法提取DNA后 ,进行STR复合扩增和mtDNAHVI区测序分析。结果　用 2种方法提取的粪便DNA ,STR复合扩增检验均未获成功 ;方法1提取的粪便DNA有 6个样本、方法 2有 7个样本获得了清晰可读的mtDNAHVI区序列 ,并与唾液对照样本DNA的序列完全一致。结论　用本文建立的方法提取粪便DNA ,不适于STR分析 ,可通过mtDNA测序分析进行检验。     

混合生物样品的组分分析及其STR基因型判定

目的应用荧光标记STR多基因座联合检测技术对混合生物样品较少组分最低比例检出限和STR基因型的判定进行研究。方法 将已知浓度的人标准细胞系DNA:9947A和K562分别按照1:1、1:4、1:9、1:19、1:39、1:59、1:79和1:99比例混合后作为扩增模板,应用Profiler plus试剂盒对D3S1358、VWA、FGA、D8S1179、D21S11、D18S51、D5S818、D13S317、D7S820和性别鉴定基因座检验。结果在比例为1:19时能明确判定两个体各基因座基因型,且两样品基因型结果峰高平均值之比与样品浓度之比正相关。结论应用荧光标记STR多基因座联合检测技术可以对一定比例的混合生物样品进行STR基因型判定,并对其混合比例状况进行大致推断。