藻酸盐材料在提取深色织物上潜血足迹的应用

目的建立一种用藻酸盐齿科材料转印显现纺织物上血足迹的方法。方法依据藻酸盐能和纺织物上血足迹中的血结合,从而使足迹被转印到藻酸盐模上,并通过染色增强反差。结果藻酸盐印模材料转印法能够在不破坏织物客体的情况下清楚的反映出血足迹细节特征。结论藻酸盐类齿科材料能够转印、提取显现织物上血足迹,尤其是潜在血足迹,并反映出其细节特征。     

Becoming black,becoming president

ABSTRACT

Speculation about the relationship between Barack Obama's election to the presidency and race in the United States was rife prior to, during and after his successful campaign. King looks at three aspects of this issue. First, as a kind of outsider, Obama had to prove himself black enough for African Americans of the traditional sort and not too dangerous for Whites. How did he achieve this? Second, Obama's election was made possible by changes in the voting behaviour of white Americans, particularly in the North, and the way that African Americans like Obama gained a foothold in, and at times control of, urban political machines, such as, in his case, Chicago. How have American historians treated this shift in white voting behaviour? Finally, the central question of how race still impinges on President Obama's performance as president. King concludes with a look at issues such as colour blindness and whiteness, the nature of black political identity and solidarity, and the variety of political roles from which a black leader such Obama can choose.     

The reincorporation and redistribution of trace geoforensic particulates on clothing: An introductory study

Two experimental studies were undertaken to investigate the processes of reincorporation and redistribution of trace evidence on garments when worn by a suspect or a victim (reincorporation) or after the garments have been seized and packaged for subsequent forensic analysis (redistribution). The first experiment utilised UV powder, an established proxy for geoforensic trace particulates and the second experiment utilised daffodil pollen transferred onto garments under conditions that mimicked forensic reality. It was demonstrated that reincorporation of trace particulates occurs from upper to lower parts of the same garment and also from upper garments to lower garments. Reincorporation also occurred to all areas of the lower garments, however the highest concentration of particulates was found to be the lap area of the jeans. Particulates also tended to be preserved around technical details such as stitching or relief design features of the garments. Thus the decay of particulates after a contact has been made does not necessarily involve a loss of those particulates from the entire system. These findings have implications for the interpretation of trace evidence when seeking to establish the source of initial contacts or the chronology of pertinent events. The second study demonstrated that folding and packaging items of clothing leads to a redistribution of any trace particulate evidence that is present thereby eliciting an alteration in the spatial distribution of that evidence. There is therefore a necessity to take the context of trace evidence into account and also to follow protocols that are sensitive to these aspects of trace evidence behaviour as a failure to do so may have consequences for the correct interpretation of such evidence.     

An abolitionist theory on crime: ending the abusive relationship with Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy [R.I.P.]

In this article I re-assess the parameters of what we seek to abolish as we pursue penal abolition. I apply Black Feminist Hauntology to exorcize the barriers of traditional and ineffective deconstructions of crime and criminalization. To illustrate these weaknesses I discuss police killings and related vigilante white supremacist violence. I present the aftermath of the deaths and trials (when there were trials) to bring to light the large disconnects that exist between abolitionism and the world in which crime lives. To begin to address this disconnect I present an abolitionist theory on crime founded upon five pillars of assessment: abolition’s perceived minimization of violence; the abusive R.I.P. relationship between crime and justice; a cultural phenomenon of achieving significance through proximity or by association; abusive naturalizations of violence that have been unaddressed in penal abolition; locating the struggles to exit abusive relationships within the core of our studies of criminal justice and penal abolition. I conclude that when penal abolitionists conceive of crime as a social construction tied to criminal justice institutions alone, as opposed to part of a structurally Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchal [R-I-P] abusive relationship, they stunt the possibilities of abolition in manners akin to pushing against a 500 year old tree from its trunk and expecting it to topple over without any account for the roots that hold it firmly in the ground.     

The Language of Race

The 1991 Census form for households in Great Britain included, for the first time, a question about ethnic group. The question had nine boxes, eight for named ethnic groups and one for 'any other'. One box had to be ticked for each member of the household. Brian Klug discusses his own reaction to the (so-called) ethnic question, and explains why, as a Jew of European extraction, he did not tick the box marked White. He examines several issues raised by the ethnic question, including the following: why this question is different from other questions on the form; the definition and use of the words 'racial' and 'ethnic'; the vocabulary of colour ('black', 'white' etc.) in the language of race; the idea that 'white' is an ethnic category; the claim that the ethnic question is an instrument for combatting racism; one proposal for improving the question by removing the 'racial' components in the categories.     

Storage of Second World War bone samples: Bone fragments versus bone powder

Bone samples may yield low-quality and low-quantity DNA and duplicated analyses of different genetic markers have to be performed for identification of missing persons. Mostly no DNA extract is left after analyses and efficient storage of bones is needed to ensure the stability of the sample over time for retesting using new markers and new technologies. Usually not all of the bone powder prepared in grinder is used for extraction and rest can be stored for future analyses. After molecular genetic analyses of 88 victims of Second World War (WWII) Konfin I mass grave in Slovenia (performed in 2009), fragments of femurs and bone powder that were left were stored at -20 °C. Some authors reported that long-term storage of powder results in the reduction of DNA preservation and its degradation (even at low temperature), explained by an increase in oxidative damage as a result of the enormous increase in exposed surface area. Consequently, grinding of bones as shortly prior to DNA extraction was recommended. The goal of our study was to explore the difference in DNA yield between bone fragment and bone powder frozen for 10 years. 57 WWII femurs were examined and DNA extracted from each of them using bone fragment (piece sampled next to the one used in 2009) and bone powder obtained in 2009, both taken out of freezer after 10 years of storage. Half gram of bone powder was decalcified using full demineralization extraction method. The DNA was purified in a Biorobot EZ1 (Qiagen) and quantified with PowerQuant kit (Promega). Statistical analysis showed significant difference at the 0.05 level in DNA yield comparing fragments of bones and bone powder stored at -20 °C for 10 years. The results show there is more DNA stored in the bone powder than in the bone fragments. Because of time - consuming powdering procedure we recommend to store not only the fragment of the bone, but obtained bone powder as well.     

广东黑社会问题五探——论毒品犯罪与涉黑犯罪之关联

毒品犯罪和涉黑犯罪,从侵害的主要客体来看,同属妨害社会管理秩序罪。从侵害的对象来看,两者差异虽大,但有时有 一定关联。毒品犯罪和涉黑犯罪已成为挑战广东治安形势的两类严重刑事犯罪。打击毒黑犯罪是公安机关刑侦工作的重点和主要业 务。应该加强队伍建设、情报信息业务、侦察、特情物建和使用、警务协作等工作,掌握主动权,开创刑侦工作的新局面。     

处理"502"熏显指纹的一种新方法

用照相的方法来处理“5 0 2”熏显指纹是一种常见的办法 ,但如果遇到指纹遗留部位比较特殊时 ,拍照效果就会受到很大影响。本文介绍了用磁性粉末法对“5 0 2”熏显指纹进行物理染色 ,染色后用指纹胶带纸提取固定的优点、操作方法及原理。     

Accuracy of comparison decisions by forensic firearms examiners

This black box study assessed the performance of forensic firearms examiners in the United States. It involved three different types of firearms and 173 volunteers who performed a total of 8640 comparisons of both bullets and cartridge cases. The overall false-positive error rate was estimated as 0.656% and 0.933% for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively, while the rate of false negatives was estimated as 2.87% and 1.87% for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively. The majority of errors were made by a limited number of examiners. Because chi-square tests of independence strongly suggest that error probabilities are not the same for each examiner, these are maximum-likelihood estimates based on the beta-binomial probability model and do not depend on an assumption of equal examiner-specific error rates. Corresponding 95% confidence intervals are (0.305%, 1.42%) and (0.548%, 1.57%) for false positives for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively, and (1.89%, 4.26%) and (1.16%, 2.99%) for false negatives for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively. The results of this study are consistent with prior studies, despite its comprehensive design and challenging specimens.     

金丝桃素可溶性粉体外抗犬瘟热病毒的试验研究

采用先药后毒、先毒后药和药毒同加3种不同的给药方式,分别在试验开始后第72 h和96 h观察犬瘟热病毒致Vero细胞的病变情况.结果显示,犬瘟热病毒的TCID_(50)为10~(-5.68)/0.1 mL,药物的TC_0为0.312 5 g/L;与对照组比较,药物浓度在0.039～0.312 5 g/L范围内先毒后药方式的细胞生长情况良好,细胞单层完整,视野中有极少量圆细胞或死细胞,而其余两种给药方式的细胞病变明显.结果表明,金丝桃素可溶性粉在先毒后药情况下可以有效抑制犬瘟热病毒的增殖.