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41.
42.
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of callous-unemotional traits, hostile attribution bias, and relational victimization experiences among 228 Greek preadolescent students attending the last two primary school grades. No significant gender differences were found. Correlations showed positive associations among relational victimization, callous-unemotional traits, and hostile attribution bias. Multiple regression indicated that preadolescents with high callous and unemotional traits and hostile attribution bias who experienced physical aggression were more likely to be relationally victimized. Results emphasize the role of both personal and social-cognitive factors in relational victimization, and are discussed in terms of their practical implications. 相似文献
43.
Alfons van Impelen Harald Merckelbach Marko Jelicic Joost à Campo 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2018,23(2):135-147
Purpose
To investigate the predictive value of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and features of ASPD (i.e., lack of remorse, blame externalization, and deceitfulness) for symptom exaggeration.Methods
A sample of forensic psychiatric patients (N = 57) was asked to complete several self‐report instruments (measuring symptom exaggeration, lack of remorse, blame externalization, and offense minimization) and a semi‐structured interview about their most recent offense. To quantify patients’ deceitfulness, the information collected via the semi‐structured interview was checked against the official records of patient's offenses. Additionally, patient's mental disorders and the extent to which patients denied their delinquency were determined by gathering clinician's judgement on this matter from patient records. The relation between symptom exaggeration and the potential predictors of symptom exaggeration was examined through correlational analyses and cross‐tabulation of prevalence rates of symptom exaggeration with prevalence rates of the potential predictors.Results
Antisocial personality disorder was not a useful predicator of symptom exaggeration. Also, patients who showed little regret for their offenses, or tended to blame their offenses on external factors, or minimized their delinquency, or were inaccurate when reporting their delinquency, had similar levels of symptom exaggeration as those without these tendencies.Conclusions
Neither ASPD nor antisocial traits, including lack of remorse, blame externalization, and deceitfulness, were meaningfully related to symptom exaggeration and therefore should have no place in the assessment of symptom validity or the detection of malingering. On the contrary; focusing on antisocial traits as indicators of symptom exaggeration is likely to result in large portions of misclassifications. 相似文献44.
Political scientists have long agreed that partisanship can bias how voters evaluate government performance and attribute responsibility. However, less is known about how – and to what extent – these biases work across different types of voters, or how they respond to positive or non-partisan policy outcomes. In this research note we address these questions, focusing on how voters respond to a positive, non-partisan public health shock: the successful early rollout of Covid-19 vaccinations in England. Through a pre-registered information experiment embedded in the British Election Study (N > 6000), we test how voters respond to claims that the quasi-independent National Health Service, rather than the government, deserved credit for the success of the programme. On average, subjects do attribute less responsibility to government, but this has no downstream effect on general approval. Exploratory heterogeneity analyses suggest that government and opposition supporters, as well as historic swing voters, respond homogeneously to our intervention. Our findings are not fully explained by rational or selective frameworks of responsibility attribution, and add nuance to existing experimental work on the political effects of the pandemic. 相似文献
45.
Job insecurity—a concern about the future existence of the job—is one of those unexpected events which lead to a search for
causal explanations. This paper pays attention to the social nature of these attributions. The social character of the causal
attribution process investigated here appears from the kind of attributions that employees make and the degree in which causal
attributions are influenced by social ideas shared by colleagues and other groups. We research these social explanations for
job insecurity on the basis of the results of a survey of job insecurity and causal attributions among 311 employees in the
Netherlands. 相似文献
46.
Jürgen Maes 《Social Justice Research》1994,7(1):69-90
The attribution of responsibility to victims of bad fate (“blaming the victim”) is discussed under the perspective of Just
World Theory (Lerner, 1980) and the Defensive Attribution Hypothesis (Walster, 1966; Shaver, 1970). Whereas Just World Theory
suggests that the belief in a just world is the decisive motive of increased attributions of responsibility, the Defensive
Attribution Hypothesis assumes that these attributions are motivated by the need to believe in internal locus of control.
Research evidence shows both motives as conceptually linked and empirically correlated. The central question is whether belief
in a just world and belief in internal control are facets of the same latent variable or empirically distinguishable constructs,
and whether they contribute independently to attributions of responsibility and blame to victims of misfortune. Results of
a questionnaire study assessing opinions about cancer and cancer victims are reported. There is evidence from factor analyses
that the two motives are indeed distinguishable constructs. The correlation patterns and the results of multiple regression
analyses show that both motives are meaningfully related to attributions of responsibility. Moreover, it is suggested that
belief in a just world is not a homogeneous construct. Belief in immanent justice according to which present misfortune is
seen as a consequence of prior faults and sins is differentiated from belief in ultimate justice according to which one can
be sure that present misfortune will be compensated in the long run. Whereas belief in immanent justice is the most important
predictor for attributions of responsibility, the suggested emotional consequences of such attributions, like belief in invulnerability
or confidence in coping, can be predicted by belief in internal control and belief in ultimate justice. Finally, suggestions
are made to extend Just World Theory to clarify the function of justice motives in the person's search for meaning in his
or her life. 相似文献
47.
我国房地产市场正走向成熟,但目前商品房售后保修义务中“质量问题”的举证责任分配法律尚未明确规定,再加上其他诸因素,使现实生活中开发商运用推委、拖延战术将保修责任及成本非法转借给“相对弱势业主群体”的案件大量出现。文中分析了该现象的本质、后果、成因及目前可行而又不足的保护途径;运用传统法理学与新兴法经济学方法,对立法完善的必要性、可行性进行了探讨,并提出了相应立法建议;最后指出该立法完善对创“和谐社会”、建“诚信中国”的重要意义。 相似文献
48.
49.
Abstract Assessment by psychologists is part of the routine multi-disciplinary admission process to secure facilities for those with a diagnosis of severe mental illness and an offending history. Non-engagement with the assessment process is a common clinical phenomenon. Using a survey design, we report on the administration of the Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory, (a questionnaire which elicits causal attributions about offending), where possible, to a cohort of consecutive admissions to a medium secure unit, and a maximum security hospital. Reasons for non-compliance with the assessment process are examined. The responses of those who completed a series of questionnaires are compared using unit, sex, ethnicity, diagnosis and index offence as group variables. With regard to attribution of blame for index offence, contrary to prediction, those with a history of psychosis, rather than personality disorder, obtained higher external attribution scores. The implications of these findings for the assessment of blame and guilt feelings during the early stages of admission to a secure mental health service, and possible treatment implications, are considered. 相似文献
50.
Research on primary confessions has demonstrated that it is a powerful form of evidence. The goal of the current research was to investigate whether secondary confessions – the suspect confesses to another individual who in turn then reports the confession to the police – could be as persuasive. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read a murder trial containing an eyewitness identification, a secondary confession, and character testimony, and made midtrial assessments of the evidence. Results indicated that the secondary confession was evaluated as the most incriminating. In Experiment 3, participants read summaries of four criminal trials, each of which contained a primary confession, a secondary confession, eyewitness identification, or none of the above. The two confession conditions produced significantly higher conviction rates. Our findings suggest that secondary confessions are another powerful and potentially dangerous form of evidence. 相似文献