体液中常见滥用药物的系统筛选分析

本文建立了体液中常见滥用药物的筛选分析体系.尿液或血液经固相萃取(SPE)或液提取(LLE)后,直接用GC/NPD分析或经TFA、BSTFA衍生化后用GC/MS分析.方法适用于同时分析甲基苯丙胺、MDMA、度冷丁、去甲度冷丁、曲马多、美沙酮、EDDP、可卡因、苯甲酰芽子碱、可待因、安定、氯丙嗪、吗啡、单乙酰吗啡等十四种常见滥用药物及代谢物.SPE法和LLE法回收率分别为66～102%和50～86%,最低检出限为2-5ng/ml尿.涉毒案件的鉴定应用表明该分析方法简便、快速、可靠.     

Effect of Choice of Measure on the Size of a Racial Disparity

In criminological studies of racial disparities the effect of race on outcomes is assessed after statistical controls for other variables. There is no universally accepted measure of size of disparity after controls in the most common type of disparity study: the study of binary outcomes. Some such studies use a measure that lends itself to interpretation in terms of the proportional reduction in error (PRE). Most use a non-PRE measure of association. This study investigates the effect of choice of measure on conclusions about the size of a disparity after controls. For illustrative purposes the study analyzes data on the awarding of sentence reductions to drug traffickers. After controls, blacks are found to be substantially less likely than whites to receive a reduction according to a type of non-PRE measure: an odds ratio derived from a logit model. But using the same data and model, PRE measures obtained from an ROC analysis indicate that, after controls, there is hardly any difference between the races in their likelihood of sentence reduction. Results illustrate the study's thesis: that the choice of measure can powerfully affect conclusions. The findings' implications—for policymakers and for researchers who conduct racial disparity studies—are discussed.     

The Economic Evaluation of Policing Activity: An Application of a Hybrid Methodology

This paper advances a hybrid police cost function that synthesises the proactive/preventive and response/reactive methodologies from the criminology literature. The model presents a coherent estimation process that can help in the allocation of scarce resources to police forces and also enable economists, government organisations and criminologists to assess the scale and technical efficiency of forces. This hybrid model uses response survey data for a sample of English and Welsh police forces in which relative efficiency rankings are contrasted with relative performance measures produced by the Audit Commission. We find that there are considerable divergences in police force's scale and technical efficiency during 1997/98 and 1998/99 utilising non-parametric techniques.     

A Selection of Empirical Socio-Economic Research with Respect to the Functioning of Legal Rules and Institutions in Belgium and the Netherlands

In this paper some studies with respect to empirical socio-economic research which has been undertaken in Belgium and the Netherlands concerning the functioning of legal rules and institutions are discussed. The paper focuses on the domains of criminal law, civil procedure, liability and insurance. The paper argues that contrary to the overwhelming economic literature on liability and insurance, the empirical results in that domain are poor. More research is undertaken in the area of criminal law and apparently it is overwhelming in the area of civil procedure. The latter studies are, however, mainly undertaken by socio-legal scholars and less by economists. The general conclusion of the empirical studies discussed seems to be that while the empirical literature on the effect of changes in the decision making environment on rational actions in the legal system is rich and provocative, there is much less empirical testing of the effects of legal rules as such on allocational outcomes. The paper argues that much more effort should be devoted to the latter issue.     

中医药干预874例晚期非小细胞肺癌的生存分析

目的 分析晚期非小细胞肺癌（non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者生存期的影响因素,观察中医药干预对晚期NSCLC的疗效。方法 回顾性分析874例接受中医药治疗的晚期NSCLC患者的临床资料,分别采用Kaplan Meier法和COX回归模型对晚期NSCLC患者生存期的影响因素进行单因素分析和多因素分析,并建立COX比例风险模型,并对接受靶向治疗的晚期NSCLC患者分别进行分层分析。结果 ①874例晚期NSCLC患者的中位生存期（median survival time,MST）为24.0个月,1年生存率为75.0%,2年生存率为49.0%,3年生存率为33.0%,5年生存率为16.0%。②单因素分析结果显示,患者的性别、确诊时的体力状态评分（performance status,PS）、年龄、病理类型、临床分期、吸烟史、化学治疗、放射治疗、靶向治疗、中医证型、中医特色外治法、口服中成药时间、中药静脉制剂疗程、干预措施为预后的影响因素（P＜0.05）。③多因素COX回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、临床分期、放射治疗、病理类型、干预措施、口服中成药时间、中药静脉制剂疗程、PS、中医辨证分型是影响晚期NSCLC预后的独立危险因素。结论 ①中医药干预可延长晚期NSCLC患者的生存期。②晚期NSCLC患者中,女性、年轻、临床分期早、肺腺癌、PS低、脾肾两虚的患者生存期优于其他患者。③接受放射治疗、使用口服中成药、长期接受中药静脉制剂治疗且长期接受中医辨证治疗,可以延长晚期NSCLC肺癌的生存期。     

299例中小学生中医兼夹体质与近视相关性分析

目的 研究中小学生近视与中医兼夹体质的相关性。方法 以在北京同仁医院眼科门诊就诊的299例中小学生为样本,采用《中医体质分类与判定》判定其体质类型,采用logistic回归分析探究中医兼夹体质与中小学生近视的相关性。结果 299例受试者中,近视者237例,非近视者62例。兼夹体质者近视发病的危险度较平和质者显著增高（OR值为1.39;95% CI为1.04～1.86,P=0.03）。结论 兼夹体质是近视的危险因素,尚需大样本进一步确证。     

苦丁茶提取物质量分析

目的 对苦丁茶药材水提物进行质量分析。方法 以槲皮素、山柰素作为对照品,采用薄层色谱法对苦丁茶药材中黄酮类化合物进行定性鉴别;采用反相高效液相色谱法测定苦丁茶药材中槲皮素和山柰素含量。结果 薄层色谱鉴别结果表明,供试品色谱中在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,显现相同颜色的斑点。槲皮素、山柰素进样量分别在0.1～3.2 μg、0.01～0.32 μg范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好（槲皮素r1＝0.999 9;山柰素r2＝0.999 8）,槲皮素及山柰素的平均加样回收率分别为102.34%和101.24%,RSD分别为3.26%和3.15%(n＝9)。结论 薄层色谱法和反相高效液相色谱法简便、准确,重复性好,可作为苦丁茶药材水提物的质量分析方法。     

芦黄参花胶囊联合福辛普利治疗糖尿病肾病60例

目的 观察中西医结合疗法治疗糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN)的疗效及建立其综合疗效评价体系。方法 纳入Mogensen Ⅲ、Ⅳ期DN患者120例,将其随机分为治疗组（芦黄参花胶囊和福辛普利联合治疗）和对照组（单用福辛普利治疗）,疗程为3个月。比较两组的临床疗效及中医证候疗效,观察治疗前后DN患者尿白蛋白排泄率（urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER）、肾功能、血压、血糖、血脂水平,采用世界卫生组织生存质量量表简表评价患者治疗前后的生存质量。结果 对于Mogensen Ⅲ、Ⅳ期DN患者,治疗组临床疗效及中医证候疗效均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组在降低Mogensen Ⅲ期DN患者UAER及血清肌酐、尿素氮水平,提高Mogensen Ⅲ、Ⅳ期DN患者生理健康、心理健康、总的生存质量和满意度评分方面显著优于对照组（P<0.05,或P<0.01）。两组均未见明显不良反应。结论 芦黄参花胶囊和福辛普利联合治疗可有效降低早期DN患者尿蛋白,改善肾功能,提高患者的生存质量,本研究可为DN的防治提供新的疗效评价体系。     

安徽不同产地野生丹参性状与脂溶性成分相关性研究

目的 探索安徽省不同产地野生丹参花、叶、根的颜色与其脂溶性成分含量的相关性。方法 采用野外调查和样本采集方式,对安徽省14个产地野生丹参性状特征进行观察;利用高效液相色谱法测定各地区丹参脂溶性成分含量。结果 安徽不同产地丹参在花冠颜色、复叶颜色及根皮颜色上存在明显的差异,表现为花淡紫、紫红、深紫,叶黄绿、绿色、深绿,根皮棕褐、砖红、赤红。以花深紫、叶深绿、根皮赤红的丹参脂溶性成分含量高,以花淡紫、叶黄绿、根皮棕褐者为低。结论 安徽不同产地野生丹参的性状特征和脂溶性成分存在一定差异,性状特征与脂溶性成分含量高低紧密相关。