Utility of immunoassay in drug screening in skeletal tissues: sampling considerations in detection of ketamine exposure in femoral bone and bone marrow following acute administration using ELISA

Detection of ketamine exposure in skeletal tissues by automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is described. Rats (n = 18) received 0, 15, 30, or 75 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride acutely (i.p.), and were euthanized within 15 min or 1 h. Ketamine was extracted from ground femoral bone by methanolic incubation followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), while marrow was homogenized in alkaline solution, and then underwent LLE. Extracts were analyzed by ELISA, and subsequently by GC-ECD following derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. The effect of tissue type (i.e., diaphyseal bone vs. epiphyseal bone vs. bone marrow) on the immunoassay response was examined through determination of binary classification test sensitivity (S) and measurement of the relative decrease in absorbance (%DA, drug-positive tissues vs. drug-free controls) in each tissue type. The %DA varied significantly between different tissues examined under a given dose condition, and generally decreased in the order marrow > epiphyseal bone > diaphyseal bone, at all dose levels examined. Measured S values for marrow, epiphyseal bone, and diaphyseal bone were 100%, 77%, and 23%, respectively (75 mg/kg dose). These results suggest that the type of skeletal tissue sampled and position sampled within a given bone (diaphyses vs. epiphyses) are important parameters in drug screening of skeletal tissues.     

中国人四肢长骨骨性标志间各段长度与总长关系的分析

利用碎裂的长骨片段 ,计算长骨的总长。选择中国人长骨 5 0 0余例 ,取其骨性标志分段测量记录 ,将测得的数据输入计算机 ,用社会科学软件包 (SPSS)中全回归法进行统计学处理。在得出的 33个多元回归方程中 ,方程1、 9、 18、 2 6证明了骨性标志间各段长度与总长的正相关关系 ,其余 2 9个方程是在有选择的略去 1个变量和因长骨近端、远端或两端缺损使 1个或 1个以上变量缺失的情况下得出。根据碎裂长骨片段骨性标志间的长度测量值 ,应用多元回归方程 ,可计算出长骨的总长     

青少年骨关节X线片的骨龄研究

通过对11～16周岁女性及13～20周岁男性青少年左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节拍摄X线片,进行了青少年的骨龄研究.根据骨骼生长发育的特点,提出了各大关节X线片判定骨龄的观察指标及分级标准,并使用SPSS软件包进行数据处理,建立了青少年利用6大关节骨骺愈合程度判定女性是否已满14周岁、男性是否已满16周岁或18周岁的判别分析方程.     

Morphometrics of the hyoid bone for human sex determination from digital photographs

The identification of unknown remains is very important. When unknown remains are found, anthropologists first determine their sex and age. The sex of most skeletons is determined by their shape. In the hyoid bone, the shape is sex related, so it can be used forensically to determine the sex. This study focused on sex-based morphometry of the hyoid bone in Koreans using digital photographs. Hyoid bones from 52 males and 33 females were examined. For each subject, we took 34 measurements from photographs using a computer program, and the data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 11.0. Twenty-one of 34 measurements had significant sex differences (p<0.05). The discriminant functions based on three measurements (X(1)-X(3)) were as follows: The accuracy of discriminant functions is 88.2% in both groups, so these can be used to distinguish males from females in a statistically significant manner.     

理筋正骨手法结合本体感觉训练治疗脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛疗效观察

目的 观察理筋正骨手法结合本体感觉训练治疗脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛（hemiplegic shoulder pain,HSP）的疗效。方法 将60例HSP患者随机分为神经肌肉本体感觉促进（proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation,PNF）组（对照组）和理筋正骨手法结合PNF组（观察组）,每组30例。比较两组患者治疗前后视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、压痛程度评分、Fugl Meyer评估表上肢板块（Fugl Meyer assessment upper extremity,FMA UE）评分、肩关节被动活动度及本体感觉。结果 治疗后两组患者肩关节疼痛VAS评分、压痛程度、FMA UE评分、肩关节被动活动度、本体感觉均较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.05）,且观察组上述各项指标改善程度均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 理筋正骨手法联合本体感觉训练可有效缓解HSP患者肩关节疼痛,改善患者肩关节运动功能及被动关节活动度,提高本体感觉,其疗效优于本体感觉训练。     

Perimortem or Postmortem Bone Fractures? An Experimental Study of Fracture Patterns in Deer Femora*

The determination of perimortem trauma is important for forensic anthropologists. Characteristics of bone fractures such as sharp edges, presence of fracture lines, the shape of the broken ends, fracture surface morphology, fracture angle on the Z-axis, and butterfly fractures are said to differentiate perimortem from postmortem trauma. A Drop Weight Impact Test Machine was used to break 76 deer femora of various ages since death. The results of this study suggest that the characteristics listed above are unreliable at differentiating a perimortem fracture from a postmortem fracture in a forensic case. There are, however, statistically significant differences between fresh bones broken less than 4 days old and dry bones broken 44 days or 1 year old after death.     

14岁青少年骨发育的变化趋势

目的描述当前我国14岁青少年手腕骨发育特征,并初步评估14岁的青少年骨发育的变化趋势。方法以湖南娄底地区14岁青少年为对象(男53人,女56人),拍摄左手腕部X线片,参照顾氏图谱法描述各选定观察部位并分析发育特征,将统计结果与顾氏图谱法14岁骨龄标准进行比较分析。结果与顾氏法相比,男生组桡骨远端、第1掌骨近端和近节第4指骨骨骺发育程度较高,而女生组桡骨远端、第2～5掌骨、第1～5近节指骨和第2～5中节指骨骨骺发育程度较高。结论当前我国14岁青少年骨发育存在提前趋势,在女生组尤为显著。14岁是刑事责任年龄点之一,法医推断该年龄时应注意该特征对推断结果的影响。     

Macroscopic Analysis of Axe and Hatchet Trauma in Fleshed and Defleshed Mammalian Long Bones*

Abstract: Recently, the authors have noted that many studies involving the characterization of chopping weapon wounds have used either semi‐fleshed or defleshed bones (e.g., J Forensic Sci 2001; 46: 228). As these types of specimens do not reflect the full range of actual cases of postmortem dismemberment or perimortem trauma, 11 fresh pig (Sus scrofa) articulated hind limbs, with contiguous surrounding flesh, were inflicted with wounds using two axes and two hatchets. Defleshed humeri and femora were subjected to the same treatment. While there were no great differences found between the fleshed and defleshed specimens, characteristics observed including entrance site width and the presence of chattering were inconsistent with some aspects of Humphrey and Hutchinson’s study (J Forensic Sci 2001; 46: 228). Further, it was found that curve transverse and spiral fractures were prevalent in femora, while longitudinal fractures were prevalent in fibulae. Hence, fracture types may play a role in characterizing some wounds caused by chopping weapons.