北京市低碳交通发展现状、问题与对策研究

在快速城市化进程中,北京市交通设施建设发展迅猛,机动车辆随之增加,由此带来的交通拥堵、能源消耗和碳排放问题日益凸显。该文以北京市2005年至2010年居民出行调查资料为基础,运用低碳交通模型,预测在不同情景模式下各交通方式的发展情况,对不同交通方式的二氧化碳排放量进行计算,分析得出大力发展公共交通及零污染的自行车等交通是北京市实现低碳交通的必然趋势,并提出北京市未来实现低碳交通发展战略及政策治理方面的对策措施。     

高效液相色谱法同时检测水产品中7种四环素类抗生素残留的研究

采用Inertsil C8-3(5μm,250 mm×4.0 mm i.d.)反相色谱柱,以pH 4.0的EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲溶液为提取溶液,以HLB固相萃取柱为净化柱,以甲醇 乙腈 0.01 mol/L三氟乙酸为流动相(梯度洗脱),流速为1.5 mL/min,检测波长为350 nm,进样量100μL,建立了同时检测水产品中四环素、金霉素、土霉素、强力霉素、去甲基金霉素、甲烯土霉素和二甲胺四环素等7种四环素类抗生素残留的液相色谱法。该方法的检出限为1.5~5.0μg/kg,测定低限为50μg/kg,线性范围为50~1 000μg/kg,加标回收率为75.2%~100.6%,相对标准偏差为2.19%~10.56%。上述结果表明,该方法具有灵敏、准确、简便、快速等优点,适用于水产品中上述7种四环素类抗生素残留的同时检测。     

Climate change: Double-edged sword for African trade and development

Abstract

African governments face increasing pressure from major export destinations, primarily former colonial and slave-owning countries, to be climate change compliant. This will certainly be on display at the upcoming December 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, which will seek to strengthen climate change rules agreed on in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, and adopt new protocols on global climate change regulation. Climate change is a double-edged sword: on one side it is hitting Africa's agricultural sector with increased droughts, floods, extreme frost and wildfires; and on the other, African governments are being forced to respond to stringent regulatory regimes imposed by international export destinations. Currently, the per capita greenhouse gas emissions from the highly industrialised nations – the North – is estimated to be four times that of Africa and the rest of the developing world. Twin research questions were investigated in this article: (1) to what extent does climate change impact on African trade and development, and (2) how can African governments stay on a path of sustained trade and development in this era of climate change? The article argues that Africa's survival in these times of climate change compliance rests on a shift to greater intra-African trade, as individual nations move towards cleaner and more organic technologies to become full-fledged partners in the international climate change regulatory regime.     

Comparison of GSR Composition Occurring at Different Locations Around the Firing Position

Abstract: Variations in gunshot residue (GSR) compositions are used in the reconstruction of shooting incidents. In this study, GSR samples taken from seven different locations around and in the firearm were collected and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. Four different types of ammunition were applied. Very low correlations were found when different ammunition were used. This clearly shows that it is possible to differentiate between ammunition types. When the same ammunition was used, high correlations were found between samples taken from external positions (such as hands of shooter, bullet‐entrance holes) but poor correlation was found between internal samples (such as firearm barrel, cartridge case) and external samples. A high degree of association was found between samples that simulated victim and shooter. These findings clearly demonstrate that GSR comparison studies are meaningful but care needs to be taken when choosing suitable exhibits. External samples (such as hands of shooter, bullet‐entrance holes) are more suitable candidates than internal samples (barrel of the firearm, cartridge case).     

发展中国家应对美国碳关税策略分析

美国众议院2009年6月底通过了《美国清洁能源安全法案》。法案允许美国对来自没有采取与美国相当的温室气体减排措施国家的高能耗、初级进口产品征收碳关税。这对于经济技术水平明显落后于发达国家的发展中国家而言,无疑又是一种新的贸易壁垒。对此,发展中国家应该积极行动,通过建立南北自由贸易区、推动在联合国框架内的气候谈判以及积极参与碳标准制定等方式积极寻求对美国碳关税壁垒的突破。在减排与贸易、环保与经济增长间寻得平衡发展。     

追溯与寻明:国际法视角下的碳排放权单位研究

自以《京都议定书》为基础的市场化机制建立以来,经过近20年的发展,全球碳金融市场呈现蓬勃发展的态势,交易量大幅提升,成交金额不断攀升,市场化机制在夯实中不断完善和发展。同时,争端与纠纷日益增加,国际多边环境公约调整下的碳排放权机制部分地在WTO体制下进行规制,成为众多学者的憧憬。碳排放权单位体现的既不是GATT框架下的"产品",也不是GATS框架下的"服务",而是在经济上反映出特殊的金融衍生产品的属性。然而,碳排放权单位交易商提供服务的行为契合GATS金融服务要求,因此交易商可依据GATS享受跨国服务领域中的最惠国待遇,并可将与WTO规则相关的争端诉诸WTO争端解决机制,实现环境争端解决的规范化、法制化。     

我国省域低碳经济发展水平比较研究

低碳经济是气候变化背景下人类的必然选择,也是我国实现绿色发展的重要途径。依据我国30个省区2001—2011年相关平均数据,运用层次分析法,从低碳环境、低碳产业、低碳效率和低碳创新四个层面对我国省域低碳经济发展水平进行综合评价可以发现,我国整体低碳经济发展水平较低,且区域差异明显。长期以来,粗放型经济增长对我国的生态环境造成极大破坏;在空间上,我国东南沿海地区低碳经济发展水平相对较高,中西部地区偏低。促进我国低碳经济的发展,必须提升森林面积和质量,改善能源和产业结构,发展节能减排技术。     

全球化时代国际“碳政治”博弈与中国的战略选择

本文首先对国际“碳政治”这种新型国际政治进行分析,然后剖析了当前国际“碳政治”的博弈形势,最后从国际与国内两个层面提出建设性对策,为中国应对国际“碳政治”博弈提供理论与实践支持。     

浅议我国煤炭行业节能减排

气候的异常、能源的紧缺掀起了低碳经济的浪潮,作为煤炭占能源主导地位的国家,由于高碳的性质,使得我国煤炭行业节能减排的任务繁重,而且现在煤炭行业存在产业整体性差、资源浪费严重、后备资源不足、煤矿规模结构不合理、环境污染严重等一系列问题,为了做好节能减排工作,煤炭行业要从系统节能、资源耦合、企业转型、融资租赁等方面着手,由高碳向低碳转变,促进煤炭行业低碳经济的发展。     

中国“碳金融”发展的制约因素及路径选择

“碳金融”是环保项目投融资的代名词,是国际金融界的新课题,泛指减少温室气体排放的各种金融制度安排和金融交易活动,主要包括碳排放权及其衍生品的交易和投资、低碳项目开发的投融资以及其他相关的金融中介活动。中国“碳金融”市场发展前景广阔,银行业开展“碳金融”业务不仅可以推动经营战略转型,提升国际竞争力,而且可以促进中国经济健康发展。该文简要介绍“碳金融”发展的背景、意义及国内外“碳金融”发展现状,分析了中国“碳金融”发展的制约因素,提出中国“碳金融”发展的路径。