区域低碳经济发展中的政府角色定位——来自中部地区的实证分析

运用面板数据模型研究了1980—2009年间中部六省低碳经济的发展状况。结果表明,中部地区二氧化碳排放量与经济增长的关系比较显著。此外,能源消耗带动GDP增长的效率在逐年上升,从一定程度上反映了追求低能耗高产出增长模式的转变。中部地区经济发展与环境的相互关系正处于临近环境库兹涅兹曲线拐点的阶段。加速发展模式的转变,实现区域低碳发展的目标,中部地区政府必须进行有效的职能和角色定位。     

发展低碳服务业的必要性与对策建议

低碳服务业是随着低碳经济的兴起而产生的,与国内外蓬勃发展的低碳经济实践相比,低碳服务业的概念依然处于初期讨论中。资源节约型、综合效益型与生态安全型是低碳服务业的特点。发展低碳服务业既是实现低碳经济目标的有效途径,更是促进社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。发展低碳服务业应健全规章制度,促进低碳服务业有序发展;加强载体建设,夯实低碳服务业发展基础;加强技术创新,推进传统服务业改造升级。     

美国联邦碳排放限额交易立法解析

关于建立一个全国性的碳排放限额交易计划的问题,已经在美国国会获得了强烈的政治考虑,多部联邦法律草案勾画出了未来联邦碳排放限额交易计划的基本架构,只是具体细节的设计上存在微小差异。但是,拟建联邦碳排放限额交易计划的温室气体减排潜力有限,且因难以调和的利益冲突而近期获得通过的希望渺茫。     

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展低碳经济探析

近年来,以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的低碳经济成为了全球经济学研究的热点问题。低碳经济不仅是环境恶化、资源短缺的应对之策,而且正在成为新一轮世界经济的增长点和各国竞争的焦点。2009年11月,国务院正式批复《黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展规划》,至此,发展低碳经济成为黄河三角洲地区长时期经济社会发展中不可或缺的一大主题。     

A method for enhancing gunshot residue patterns on dark and multicolored fabrics compared with the modified Griess test

In using infrared or infrared-enhanced photography to examine gunshot residue (GSR) on dark-colored clothing, the GSR particles are microscopically examined directly on the fabric followed by the modified Griess test (MGT) for nitrites. In conducting the MGT, the GSR is transferred to treated photographic paper for visualization. A positive reaction yields an orange color on specially treated photographic paper. The examiner also evaluates the size of the powder pattern based on the distribution of nitrite reaction sites or density. A false-positive reaction can occur using the MGT due to contaminants or dyes that produce an orange cloud reaction as well. A method for enhancing visualization of the pattern produced by burned and partially unburned powder is by treatment of the fabric with a solution of sodium hypochlorite. In order to evaluate the results of sodium hypochlorite treatment for GSR visualization, the MGT was used as a reference pattern. Enhancing GSR patterns on dark or multicolored clothing was performed by treating the fabric with an application of 5.25% solution of sodium hypochlorite. Bleaching the dyes in the fabric enhances visualization of the GSR pattern by eliminating the background color. Some dyes are not affected by sodium hypochlorite; therefore, bleaching may not enhance the GSR patterns in some fabrics. Sodium hypochlorite provides the investigator with a method for enhancing GSR patterns directly on the fabric. However, this study is not intended to act as a substitute for the MGT or Sodium Rhodizonate test.     

A Study of the Presence of Gunshot Residue in Pittsburgh Police Stations using SEM/EDS and LC‐MS/MS

Due to possible secondary transfer of gunshot residue (GSR) onto a suspect in police custody prior to sampling, a baseline must be created for the amount of GSR present. With an increase of “lead free” ammunition, testing for both gunpowder and primer GSR is relevant. Seventy samples were collected using carbon‐coated adhesive stubs from four Pittsburgh Police Stations and vehicles to investigate these locations as sources of secondary GSR contamination. These seventy samples were analyzed for primer GSR using scanning electron microscopy‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. One primer GSR particle was detected; no sample was classified as positive for primer GSR. These same samples were then analyzed for gunpowder GSR using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to test for akardite II, ethylcentralite, diphenylamine, N‐nitrosodiphenylamine, 2‐nitrodiphenylamine, and 4‐nitrodiphenylamine. Ethylcentralite was quantifiable in two test samples. These results suggest there is a negligible potential for secondary transfer of primer and gunpowder GSR.     

大鼠血液中HbCO随吸入CO浓度和时间的变化

目的研究不同一氧化碳(carbon monoxide,CO)浓度下中毒大鼠的行为学特征、存活时间、碳氧血红蛋白(carboxyhemoglobin,HbCO)饱和度变化规律,为法医学实践中CO中毒死亡案件提供实验依据。方法将160只SD大鼠随机分为4组。自制染毒装置,使大鼠分别在CO浓度为1 250、3 750、6 250 mg/m~3及持续通入CO状态下染毒致死亡。观察不同CO浓度中毒大鼠的行为学特征,记录存活时间,采用分光光度法检测心血HbCO饱和度,并提取脑、心脏、肺、肝等器官进行组织病理学观察。结果 CO中毒大鼠的行为学特征表现为肢体瘫软、反应迟钝。随着CO浓度的升高,大鼠存活时间逐渐缩短,心血HbCO饱和度逐渐升高。在CO浓度为1 250 mg/m~3条件下,发现3例心血HbCO饱和度明显低于致死饱和度,其余各组未发现心血HbCO饱和度低于致死饱和度的情况。结论建立的不同浓度下CO中毒死亡动物模型,操作简单,重复性好,为进一步研究CO中毒及其他吸入性有毒气体的法医学研究奠定了基础。     

简论国际碳和中国林业碳汇交易市场

森林在应对气候变化中的独特作用越来越受到国际社会的关注,随之导致对国际碳市场乃至森林碳汇交易市场的讨论逐步升温。该文从国际碳交易的背景分析入手,论述了碳交易产生的经济学基础和依据,根据森林碳汇特点以及实施碳汇项目的国际规则和支撑碳汇交易的市场条件等,认为中国目前还不具备建立森林碳汇交易市场的条件,但应提倡和鼓励企业和个人自愿参与以积累碳汇为目的的植树造林活动。     

Fate and Behavior of Gunshot Residue—A Review

A review of the literature concerning the fate and behavior of gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. A number of concomitant parameters including firearm and ammunition type, plume and GSR material characteristics, travel distances, chemical composition and GSR morphology are critically discussed in relation to their effects on the distribution and deposition, transfer and persistence processes of GSR. The underlying mechanisms associated with such processes are also considered. Knowledge of these processes on GSR materials could provide valuable information concerning scene preservation and subsequent forensic sampling. The number of GSR particles deposited can vary significantly with each firearm discharge, highlighting the potential to produce distinctive data in each individual case. With the continual development and compositional changes of new ammunition types, further evaluation of the effect these processes may have on GSR evidence and their possible influence on the interpretation of the analytical results should be given due consideration.     

推进中国碳排放交易的原则和思路

该文在广泛调研的基础上,提出在现有的经济发展水平和体制机制条件下,切实有效地推进中国的碳排放交易的主要原则和思路：价值引领,政府推动,市场运作和金融支持。