Public Attitudes toward Climate Science and Climate Policy in Federal Systems: Canada and the United States Compared1

Multilevel governance poses several challenges for the politics of climate change. On the one hand, the unequal distribution of power and interests can serve as a barrier to implementing coherent policy at a federal level. On the other, these features also enable policy leadership among sub‐federal units. In the context of wide variation in climate policy at both national and sub‐federal levels in Canada and in the United States, this paper utilizes an original data set to examine public attitudes and perceptions toward climate science and climate change policy in two federal systems. Drawing on national and provincial/state level data from telephone surveys administered in the United States and in Canada, the paper provides insight into where the public stands on the climate change issue in two of the most carbon‐intensive federal systems in the world. The paper includes the first directly comparable public opinion data on how Canadians and Americans form their opinions regarding climate matters and provides insight into the preferences of these two populations regarding climate policies at both the national and sub‐federal levels. Key findings are examined in the context of growing policy experiments at the sub‐federal level in both countries and limited national level progress in the adoption of climate change legislation.     

深化入世后的税制改革

加入世界贸易组织对我国税制改革既有积极影响。也有消极影响，为此，必须进一步调整现行的关税税率，降低关税的整体水平；调整税收减免政策，运用税收杠杆调整产业结构。统一企业所得税，降低国有企业生产成本；规范税收立法和执法行为，增强法律的透明度，稳定性和预见性。     

三七中人参炔醇的提取、分离和鉴定

目的:提取、分离和鉴定三七中人参炔醇.方法:采用超临界CO2萃取三七脂溶性成分,硅胶柱层析、制备薄层分离,并通过波谱技术(UV、IR、MS、1HNMR、13CNMR)分析鉴定人参炔醇化学结构.结果:从三七中分离并鉴定了人参炔醇成分,得率为0.077%.结论:应用超临界CO2萃取三七中脂溶性成分并分离其中的人参炔醇,得率较高.     

The Politics of the British Environment since 1945

This article examines, first, how environmental concerns have shaped British politics since 1945, making the environment an object of governance; and second, how political developments have an environmental history, focussing on the environmental demands of social democracy. It contends that environmentalism should be considered alongside other political ideologies, such as socialism and feminism, as helping to constitute the modern British state and the evolving relationship between government and the citizen. It considers how the management of the terrestrial environment became a hotly contested matter in the postwar decades, drawing a distinction between the politics of ‘landscape preservation’ and ‘nature conservation’. This discussion is related to access politics and questions of rural governance and regulation, particularly with respect to the agricultural sector. The article concludes with a discussion of some current environmental concerns, reflecting on the possible transition from today's ‘carbon democracy’ to tomorrow's ‘renewable democracy’.     

中国“碳金融”发展的制约因素及路径选择

“碳金融”是环保项目投融资的代名词,是国际金融界的新课题,泛指减少温室气体排放的各种金融制度安排和金融交易活动,主要包括碳排放权及其衍生品的交易和投资、低碳项目开发的投融资以及其他相关的金融中介活动。中国“碳金融”市场发展前景广阔,银行业开展“碳金融”业务不仅可以推动经营战略转型,提升国际竞争力,而且可以促进中国经济健康发展。该文简要介绍“碳金融”发展的背景、意义及国内外“碳金融”发展现状,分析了中国“碳金融”发展的制约因素,提出中国“碳金融”发展的路径。     

非洲国家税法对外资的影响分析

在经济全球化的背景下,非洲国家大都渴望吸引更多的外来投资以发展本国经济.税收作为国家宏观调控的重要手段,税法作为宏观调控法的重要组成部分,在吸引外来投资的过程中作用十分关键,所以非洲国家都非常重视税法的作用.他们积极地进行税收立法,明确税法以吸引投资为主要目的;采用税收优惠政策以吸引投资;采取税收措施以引导投资方向;消除关税壁垒以减少吸引外资的障碍.在中国企业逐渐将目光投向非洲大陆的时候,这些都值得我们关注和探讨.     

Why did Argentina and Uruguay decide to pursue a carbon tax? Fiscal reforms and explicit carbon prices

Since 2014, carbon taxes have been spreading in South America. Counterintuitively, while they are primarily considered climate policies, their adoption has been largely driven by causes unrelated to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The carbon tax policymaking literature has overlooked the causes that trigger the causal mechanisms for adopting carbon taxes and has instead centered on parts of the causal mechanism. Focusing on the very beginning of the process, namely the causes triggering the decision to pursue carbon taxes in Argentina and Uruguay, this study both contributes to the carbon tax policymaking literature and to the burgeoning application of logical Bayesian analysis in qualitative studies. According to previous studies, the pursuit of carbon taxes inherently entails political challenges linked, among others, to its potential regressive impacts and effects on industries, which makes the sudden rise of carbon taxes in Argentina and Uruguay surprising. Based on 26 expert interviews and a desk review, the study applies a logical Bayesian analysis to study potential causes structured around mutually exclusive hypotheses consistent with the carbon tax policymaking literature. It shows that the causes for pursuing carbon taxes in Argentina and Uruguay are not primarily related to mitigation. Instead, Argentina conceived carbon taxation as part of a broader reform of its fiscal system, and Uruguay as a way to make explicit the already high implicit carbon price.     

碳贸易机制与WTO规则的议题交叉与体系协调

京都碳贸易机制的发展越发显现出与世贸组织涵盖协定的议题交叉。界定碳信用单位的交易属于"货物"抑或"服务"贸易,可以明确其不属于GATT管辖的产品范畴。作为服务贸易的碳贸易机制与GATS的原则规则存在着广泛的议题交叉,需要择机将碳贸易机制纳入世贸组织贸易与环境议程,促使气候与贸易的国际法规则的体系协调。     

土地利用规划的碳排放评价与调控——以山西省宁武县为例

为了研究不同土地利用方式的碳排放评价,特以山西宁武县为例进行考察,结果表明：宁武县的土地利用方式是低碳型的,林地对其低碳土地利用方式的形成贡献最大,降低建设用地能耗是宁武县实现低碳土地利用方式的重要途径。宁武县的模式可以为其他县土地利用和经济社会的发展提供参考。     

低碳消费的实现途径——基于文化学视角的分析

低碳消费是当今人类在面对环境危机时的主动选择,从文化学的视角看,低碳消费的实现是一个涵盖低碳消费观念、制度、器物三个层面的系统工程。