低碳经济视阈下中国的可持续发展战略

该文指出,低碳经济理念的兴起缘于人们对能源安全和气候安全的重视,其实质是能源高效利用,核心是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变,最终目标是保证人类社会具有长期持续的发展能力。面对低碳经济时代,中国的可持续发展战略在路径选择上要体现出新的内涵。     

国际碳排放权交易机制对长三角区域建立碳排放权交易市场的启示

温室气体排放权交易市场迅速发展扩张,并已成为全球贸易中的新亮点。欧盟碳排放权交易体系的成功经验与美国芝加哥气候交易所的失败教训表明,强制减排是碳排放权交易市场持续发展的前提条件。该文提出,长三角区域具有建立我国区域性碳排放权交易市场的条件,可为进一步完善碳排放权交易市场积累经验,并在此基础上构成全国统一的碳交易市场。     

“碳政治”：中国的碳路历程

“碳政治”在中国无论对政府还是对民众都是一个新概念。随着全球“碳政治”的兴起,控制人类经济社会活动中会导致全人类毁灭的“碳排放”逐渐变成一个重要的课题。在科学话语与政治权力的互动中,环保问题被转化为全球气候问题,而气候问题被进一步转化为“碳排放”问题,“碳政治”将成为未来中国的“大政治”。本文对中国“碳政治”形成机制和发展轨迹进行了系统的梳理,使我们对中国的环境政治有一个清晰的认识,并在此基础上思考中国的整体环境应对战略,把“碳政治”作为中国的大政治来对待。     

Carbon Taxation and Policy Labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian Provinces

A vast economics literature embraces taxation of the carbon content of fossil fuels as the superior policy approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, experience around the world suggests that carbon taxes face exceedingly difficult political hurdles. Federal experience in the United States and in Canada confirms this pattern. This article reviews sub‐federal policy development among American states and Canadian provinces, a great many of which have pursued climate policy development. With one major exception, explicit carbon taxation appears to remain a political nonstarter. At the same time, states and provinces have been placing indirect carbon prices on fossil fuel use through a wide range of policies. These tend to strategically alter labeling, avoiding the terms of “tax” and “carbon” in imposing costs. The article offers a framework for considering such strategies and examines common design features, including direct linkage between cost imposition and fund usage to build political support.     

Market making via regulation: The role of the state in carbon markets

Proponents as well as critics of carbon trading underestimate the institutional and political underpinnings of evolving carbon markets. Based on institutionalist approaches, this paper argues that the strong embeddedness of carbon markets explains why certain characteristics (positive and negative) materialize. Focusing on the actors who initiate and who influence carbon markets, this article also shows that currently only states and intergovernmental agreements provide the necessary regulation for carbon markets to exist and to work. Today, neither market actors nor NGOs nor public private partnerships have the political power to set up, regulate or capture evolving market structures. Thus, whether or not market‐based instruments bring about the desired results depends on good public regulation, which is – at least up to now – represented by the state. Four instances of the commodification of carbon serve as illustrations: the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS); the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); the voluntary market; and new sectoral approaches, particularly Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+).     

碳交易市场中国构建的几点法律思考

《京都议定书》所列出的三种灵活机制,使温室气体减排量成为可以交易的无形商品,为碳交易市场的发展奠定了基础。由于国际法上的不确定性因素以及各国利益诉求的差异,统一的国际碳交易市场尚未形成。中国因“清洁发展机制”项目（CDM）的开发,不可避免地卷入国际碳交易市场中。从发展低碳经济的目标出发,为增强中国在国际碳交易中的竞争能力,笔者建议要适应中国承担的国际义务以及应对气候变化的立场与承诺构建以自愿性减排为主的中国碳交易市场,构建符合中国国情的碳交易法律机制。     

碳税制度与国家战略利益

碳税制度因全球变暖问题而发端,然其平衡、保护的绝非单一的环境利益。国外相关的理论与实践表明,发达国家碳税制度有效地平衡、协调了重大的甚至是相互冲突的国家战略利益关系,同时在一定程度上限制了发展中国家的竞争优势;其碳税制度以国家战略利益为依归,形成一个以一般性条款、弹性税率、税收优惠和税收中性等内容为基石的规则体系。于我国而言,建立碳税制度不仅是建设资源节约型与环境友好型社会的需要,也是释放自身国际政治压力、应对发达国家碳关税威胁的理性选择。我国碳税制度应从征税对象、纳税主体、税率、计税依据、征税环节、税收优惠和税收用途等方面,形成完善的国家战略利益保护机制。尽管短期来看,碳税制度在各国的推行将面临国家现实利益的冲突等障碍,但共同的国家利益选择必然促进碳税制度在全球范围内的发展与实施。     

绿色经济在中国的启蒙与复兴

绿色经济的概念为突破可持续发展机制面临的这个瓶颈在理念和方法上提供了一个新的机遇和选择,为可持续发展注入了新的活力。绿色经济体现了生态文明的理念,追求经济发展与环境保护的共赢与和谐。绿色经济的概念在当今经济全球化背景下尤其珍贵,有利于克服经济高度商品化带来的环境问题深化和危机,实现全球经济的可持续发展;绿色经济对中国等经济高速发展国家尤其重要。在中国经历了举步维艰的绿色经济目前正在获得新的发展契机。     

无碳复写纸的X射线衍射分析

通过对无碳复写纸原纸和显色涂层的X射线衍射分析,达到对不同厂家无碳复写纸区分的目的.