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141.
本文应用力学的理论、观点和方法,对撬压痕迹的本质、受破坏的客体对外力作用的抵抗表现进行分析,并归纳各种常见客体的结构形式、功能特点和痕迹形成的规律,为办案实践中的具体对象制定了分析问题和解决问题的方法。 相似文献
142.
Shawn C. Marsh 《Juvenile & family court journal》2019,70(2):55-67
Trauma and its impact on human development and functioning in the context of legal systems has been an important topic in judicial education for well over a decade. This brief report reviews key components of this work since approximately 2005, and presents the results of a 2018 ‐ 2019 survey with 250 judicial educators on the topics of trauma education for the judiciary and preferred teaching models. Results suggest that trauma is and will likely remain an important topic in judicial education for the foreseeable future. Further, results indicate that there are some common criticisms about current trauma education that should be considered in curriculum design and delivery, and that there is a general preference for team teaching approaches that include a strong peer‐to‐peer discussion component. Recommendations and considerations for judicial educators on the topic of trauma are also presented. 相似文献
143.
Amie M. Schuck 《Women & Criminal Justice》2017,27(5):341-362
This study aimed to evaluate the temporal relationship between gender diversity and the adoption of community policing. The results from three separate structural equation models suggest that gender diversity is the stronger temporal predictor. The findings highlight the potential importance of gender diversity in organizational change. In theory, increasing the number of female officers may increase organizational agility through the creation of an alternative cultural ethos. More research is needed to understand how gender diversity affects police agencies, as well as how calls to reform the institution of policing affect women in law enforcement. 相似文献
144.
Intelligence analysts commonly associate cases on the basis of similarities found in compared characteristics of scientific evidence. The present paper studies some of the inferential difficulties associated with such operations. An analysis is proposed that breaks down the reasoning process into inference to common source, and inference to case linkage. The former requires an approach to the difficulty associated with evaluating the similarities of items of evidence from different cases with no putative source being available. The latter requires consideration to be given to the relevance of evidence. Throughout the paper, probability theory is used to describe the nature of the proposed inferences. Graphical models are also introduced with the aim of providing further insight into the dependence and independence relationships assumed to hold among the various propositions considered. Notions from decision theory are used to discuss ways in which intelligence analysts may assist investigators in deciding whether or not cases should be considered as linked. 相似文献
145.
Logistic regressions of age-period-cohort models for city arrest rates are estimated with data from seven U.S. cities for the years 1970–1980 to study the dependence of officially designated criminality in select offense categories on age. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine how dependent the findings are on details of model specification. 相似文献
146.
Alex?R.?PiqueroEmail author Robert?Brame Terrie?E.?Moffitt 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2005,21(2):219-243
Recently, Paternoster etal. used data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a longitudinal study of 411 South London boys mostly born in 1953, to investigate the linkage between adolescent and adult offending and found that variations in adult offending were consistent with a random process after conditioning on adolescent offending. In this paper, we test the robustness of this early study across data sources and genders. Here, we use data from the Dunedin New Zealand 1972 birth cohort study to replicate previous findings regarding stability and change in criminal offending between the adolescent and adult years. In particular, our interest centers on the stochastic properties of the adolescent and adult conviction distribution in the cohort and whether the structure of this distribution is similar for males and females. This replication and extension of prior work is especially important since criminologists have little understanding of the pattern of female adolescent offending or how the patterns are linked to adult offending for women. The analysis reveals that variation in adult offending after conditioning on adolescent offending is consistent with a random (Poisson) process. Furthermore, this pattern is evident for both the males and the females in the Dunedin New Zealand 1972 birth cohort. 相似文献
147.
Michael Massoglia 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2006,22(3):215-239
Research has devoted substantial attention to patterns of offending during the transition to early adulthood. While changes in offending rates are extensively researched, considerably less attention is devoted to shifts in the type of offending displayed during the transition to adulthood. Changes in the type of offending behavior suggest a pattern of “displacement” or shifts between various types of crime, rather than desistance from deviant behavior. In this paper, I integrate methods previously developed in stratification research and use longitudinal data from the National Survey of Youth that span the transition to adulthood to examine the extent to which desistance and displacement of deviant behavior are defining attributes of offending during the transition to early adulthood. The findings indicate that while desistance is clearly present, altering patterns of offending, or within-person displacement, rather than termination of illicit activity is most evident in the data.
相似文献
Michael MassogliaEmail: |
148.
Caroline Derry 《Women's history review》2020,29(4):615-635
ABSTRACT There is a tendency to position the first women lawyers as role models for today’s young women. This article argues, through an exploration of the life and career of Ethel Bright Ashford, that these women are better recognised as pioneers or foremothers than promoted as role models. Ashford was one of the first women barristers, a long-serving borough councillor, and tireless activist for civic causes. Nonetheless, aspects of her career and politics pose problems for purely celebratory accounts. Yet there is real value in considering her biography: she offers both an alternative definition of a successful professional life and the reassurance that imperfection is not equivalent to failure. Ashford therefore illustrates the vital importance of a more nuanced and historically situated consideration of the first women lawyers. 相似文献
149.
Malcolm W. Klein 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2001,9(3):273-281
This article updates comments published in this journal in 1994 about the nature of the American juvenile justice system, which laid out reasons that it might not serve as a useful model for other nations. Since that time, the US system has moved further right towards the justice model and away from the welfare model. Individualistic philosophies and political conservatism have combined to produce a more adult-like and punitive juvenile system, applied to increasing numbers of minors and to increasingly younger minors. Successful demonstrations of community absorption or treatment have been too few to balance the rightward direction. European scholars are urged to undertake increased studies in two critical areas: (1) the nature, functions, and comparative differences in their juvenile justice systems, and (2) the nature of local communities and their contributions to patterns of delinquency. 相似文献
150.
Instrumental variables methods in experimental criminological research: what, why and how 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Joshua D. Angrist 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2006,2(1):23-44
Quantitative criminology focuses on straightforward causal questions that are ideally addressed with randomized experiments.
In practice, however, traditional randomized trials are difficult to implement in the untidy world of criminal justice. Even
when randomized trials are implemented, not everyone is treated as intended and some control subjects may obtain experimental
services. Treatments may also be more complicated than a simple yes/no coding can capture. This paper argues that the instrumental
variables methods (IV) used by economists to solve omitted variables bias problems in observational studies also solve the
major statistical problems that arise in imperfect criminological experiments. In general, IV methods estimate causal effects
on subjects who comply with a randomly assigned treatment. The use of IV in criminology is illustrated through a re-analysis
of the Minneapolis domestic violence experiment. The results point to substantial selection bias in estimates using treatment
delivered as the causal variable, and IV estimation generates deterrent effects of arrest that are about one-third larger
than the corresponding intention-to-treat effects. 相似文献