论宪法中人民主权与基本人权原则的沟通——以哈贝马斯的宪法有效性理论为视角

在宪法原则中，人民主权是逻辑起点，基本人权是终极目标。人民主权表征了国家权力的合法性，基本人权保证了权利的不可侵犯性。但在传统的理论中二者存在着何者优先的张力。哈贝马斯的宪法有效性理论认为，包括宪法在内的法律形成于公民的自我理解，是主体之间商谈的结果，宪法的承受者同时也是法律规则的创造者。宪法中的人权与人民主权原则是同源的，是互为前提、相互证成的；人权使得人民主权的合法行使成为可能，人民主权在法律上的制度化是人权本身的要求。因此，宪法人民主权原则与基本人权原则之间的紧张可以通过宪法的有效性而沟通。     

The effect of ECB communication on interest rates: An assessment

This paper reviews the literature on the communication policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) addressing two questions. First, to what extent has ECB communication affected interest rates? Second, to what extent has ECB communication affected the predictability of the ECB’s interest rate decisions? On the basis of a survey of empirical studies, it is concluded that various forms of ECB communication lead to more volatility. However, studies focusing on volatility cannot assess whether markets moved in the intended direction. To analyze whether this is the case, researchers have coded ECB communications. Studies using this approach yield evidence that communications generally move financial markets in the intended direction. There is also substantive evidence that ECB communications increase the predictability of interest decisions by the ECB Governing Council. Finally, the consequences of the fact that ECB officials often gave contrasting signals to market participants are analyzed. New evidence suggests that inconsistent communication causes agents to make less accurate predictions. The policy implication is that central bankers should take care that their statements are consistent.     

阮初经济恢复与中越经贸文化关系的发展（1802-1847）

阮朝是越南历史上一个重要的，也是最后一个封建王朝。越南学术界对其在历史上的作用评价不一，观点甚至完全相反。本文认为阮朝的历史可分为前后两个时期，阮朝前期国家统一，政治相对稳定，在经济重建和发展与清朝的经贸文化关系方面有积极的作用。阮朝的兴衰有多方面的原因，基本的历史经验与教训是，只有适应时代发展的潮流，革新开放，不断进取，方能长治久安。     

TABOO AND EUPHEMISM

Taboo is a ruin to the principle of appropriateness in using language and is to be avoided for polite communication. Different cultures, though sharing some, have different taboos, which makes it necessary to have some knowledge of taboo both in foreign language and in our own in order to avoid their use and to carry out cross-cultural communication effectively and successfully.Another solution of taboo is the use of euphemism, which is not only to avoid using taboo, but also to beautify the language. Both ...     

Chemical fingerprinting of adhesive tapes by GCMS detection of petroleum hydrocarbon products

Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes often represent key evidence of crimes such as assault, rape or homicide; thus, the development of analytical techniques able to contribute to a detailed characterization of these materials is of forensic importance. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the solvent extractable fractions of a suite of electrical and gaffer adhesive tapes spanning a range of colors and manufacturers identified a number of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Molecular and isotopic analyses of hydrocarbon constituents of complex materials have found wide analytical utility including the forensic investigation of oil spills and arson. Here, we investigate the utility of these techniques for characterizing the hydrocarbon composition of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes for forensic correlation purposes. Subtle distinction of tape samples was evident in the GCMS distribution of several hydrocarbon groups including alkyl-naphthalenes, hopane and sterane biomarkers. Linear discriminant analysis of the abundances of these products provided high level differentiation of tape manufacturer. The distinction of different adhesive tape samples was further extended by measurement of their stable carbon isotopic values. The molecular and isotopic differences of the petroleum content of tapes are consistent with the use of different petroleum materials used in the manufacturing process and demonstrate the benefits of the combined use of complementary oil hydrocarbon characterization approaches. This study reveals the forensic potential of using established petroleum characterization methods for characterizing materials with a petroleum-derived hydrocarbon element.     

中国高校新闻学与传播学学术发展三十年理论回顾与展望

文章是对中国高校新闻学与传播学学术发展30年所进行的理论思考,从基本经验、存在问题、未来展望三方面展开。基本经验有五条：中国改革开放基本国策的坚强支持,解放思想放大胆子走稳路子,打开国门礼贤海外学人,抓紧基础性研究兼顾应用性研究,切实改进研究方法。存在问题主要有三：对基本概念和范畴深入研究不够,学术自觉和理论胆略欠缺,标志性成果不多。对于未来的展望,首先要做好规划,其次要组织攻关研究,最后要为产出标志性成果创造条件。     

Chemical Enhancement Techniques of Bloodstain Patterns and DNA Recovery After Fire Exposure*

Abstract: It is common in forensic casework to encounter situations where the suspect has set a fire to cover up or destroy possible evidence. While bloodstain pattern interpretation, chemical enhancement of blood, and recovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bloodstains is well documented in the literature, very little information is known about the effects of heat or fire on these types of examinations. In this study, a variety of known types of bloodstain patterns were created in a four‐room structure containing typical household objects and furnishings. The structure was allowed to burn to flashover and then it was extinguished by firefighters using water. Once the structure cooled over night, the interior was examined using a bright light. The bloodstains were evaluated to see if the heat or fire had caused any changes to the patterns that would inhibit interpretation. Bloodstain patterns remained visible and intact inside the structure and on furnishings unless the surface that held the blood was totally burned away. Additionally, a variety of chemical techniques were utilized to better visualize the patterns and determine the possible presence of blood after the fire. The soot from the fire formed a physical barrier that initially interfered with chemical enhancement of blood. However, when the soot was removed using water or alcohol, the chemicals used, fluorescein, luminol, Bluestar^®, and Hemastix^®, performed adequately in most of the tests. Prior to DNA testing, the combined phenolphthalein/tetramethyl benzidine presumptive test for the presence of blood was conducted in the laboratory on samples recovered from the structure in an effort to assess the effectiveness of using this type of testing as a screening tool. Test results demonstrated that reliance on obtaining a positive presumptive result for blood before proceeding with DNA testing could result in the failure to obtain useful typing results. Finally, two DNA recovery methods (swabbing the stain plus cutting or scraping the stain) were attempted to evaluate their performance in recovering samples in an arson investigation. Recovery of DNA was more successful in some instances with the swabbing method, and in other instances with the cutting/scraping method. Therefore, it is recommended that both methods be used. For the most part, the recovered DNA seemed to be unaffected by the heat, until the temperature was 800°C or greater. At this temperature, no DNA profiles were obtained.     

The Recovery of Latent Fingermarks from Evidence Exposed to Ionizing Radiation*

Abstract: Continual reports of illicit trafficking incidents involving radioactive materials have prompted authorities to consider the likelihood of forensic evidence being exposed to radiation. In this study, we investigated the ability to recover latent fingermark evidence from a variety of substrates that were exposed to ionizing radiation. Fingermarks deposited on common surfaces, including aluminum, glass, office paper, and plastic, were exposed to doses ranging from 1 to 1000 kGy, in an effort to simulate realistic situations where evidence is exposed to significant doses of radiation from sources used in a criminal act. The fingermarks were processed using routine fingermark detection techniques. With the exception of glass and aluminum substrates, radiolysis had a considerable effect on the quality of the developed fingermarks. The damage to ridge characteristics can, in part, be attributed to chemical interactions between the substrate and the components of the fingermark secretions that react with the detection reagents.     

Chemical Differences Are Observed in Children’s Versus Adults’ Latent Fingerprints as a Function of Time*

Abstract: The identification of aged latent fingerprints is often difficult, especially for those of children. To understand this phenomenon, the chemical composition of children’s versus adults’ latent fingerprints was examined over time using Fourier transform infrared microscopy. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that children’s and adults’ prints were distinguishable for up to 4 weeks after deposition, based on differences in sebum composition. Specifically, adults had a higher lipid content than children, but both decreased over time, attributable to the volatility of free fatty acids. The aliphatic CH₃, aliphatic CH₂, and carbonyl ester compositions changed differently in adults versus children over time, consistent with higher cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in children’s prints and wax esters and glycerides in adults’ prints. Thus, fingerprint composition changes with time differently in children versus adults, making it a sensitive metric to estimate the age of an individual, especially when the age of the print is known.