刮风、跟风：十一届三中全会前二十年的沉痛历史教训

"刮风","跟风"是新中国1976年以前历史留给我们的最沉重也是最发人深省的教训之一.它带来了苦涩的后果,折射出在有沉重历史包袱的中国人跟风的种种心态,及我们某些领导干部有可能依然存在的"刮风"动因,留给我们很多有益的警示.     

三大心理学流派对犯罪心理学的影响

弗洛伊德的精神分析、斯金纳的激进行为主义心理学与罗杰斯的人本主义心理学是当代心理学的重要理论与实践技术,对犯罪心理学的研究与应用具有深刻而持久的影响力,是犯罪心理学科基本理论体系的有机组成成份。无论学习或者研究犯罪心理学的理论与技术,都直接、间接地与之存在着紧密的联系。在人类的本性、越轨行为的社会控制作用、攻击行为、异常心理咨询矫治及研究运用的方法论等方面,三种典型代表在心理学理念、策略与技术诸方面存在的差异值得犯罪心理学的借鉴与反思。     

论犯罪心理学与其他刑事法学之关联

犯罪心理学是研究犯罪人的心理现象、规律的学科 ,犯罪心理学与刑法学、刑事侦查学等刑事法学相比较 ,在学科任务、研究对象、研究内容等方面有不同之处 ,但又存密切关联 ,主要表现为理论体系上的关联、研究对象上的关联和研究内容上的关联。研究犯罪心理学与其他刑事法学之间的关联 ,对犯罪心理学与其他刑事法学的互相促进、共同发展具有十分重要的意义     

Sex differences in the experience of child sexual victimization

This study analyzed 390 (303 girls and 87 boys) cases of child sexual abuse to understand sex differences in child sexual victimization. Analyses focused on three domains that have received considerable empirical attention: victims' relationships with the offender, type and extent of abuse, and disclosure. Findings largely replicated previous efforts that reported sex differences in terms of victims' relationships with offenders. Although results also replicated previous findings about sex differences in disclosure patterns, these sex differences were minor in comparison with similarities in the way most instances of abuse were eventually identified. In terms of type and extent of abuse, results were the opposite of previous findings: girls, not boys, were the victims of more physical injury, violent threats, and use of force; and girls, not boys, were more likely to have physically resisted abuse. Divergences in findings were interpreted in terms of memory biases and social forces operating differently on the sexes.     

Linking marital violence,mother-child/father-child aggression,and child behavior problems

Previous research indicates that observation of marital violence has a deleterious impact on children's adjustment. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The present study examined the relationships between observation of marital violence, mother-child aggression, father-child aggression, and child behavior problems in a sample of 185 children (ages 7 to 13) and their mothers who were residing at battered women shelters. A significant positive association was found between amount of marital violence witnessed and father-child aggression. However, the correlation between the amount of marital violence witnessed and mother-child aggression was not significant. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both the amount of marital violence witnessed as well as mother-child aggression were significantly related to child behavior problems, even when controlling for the effects of child age, race, and father status (i.e., whether the mother's partner was the biological father or stepfather/cohabitee). Family violence variables were better predictors of girls' rather than boys' behavior problems, particularly externalizing behavior problem scores. The lack of significance between father-child aggression and child behavior problems, as well as the implications of the findings, are discussed.     

FATHERS AND CHILD ABUSE ALLEGATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF PARENTAL SEPARATION AND DIVORCE

Fathers' role in child abuse in the context of parental separation and divorce has been the subject of continuous stereotyping over the last several decades. This article examines the stereotypes projected against current research, particularly findings from a study of an experimental family court program designed for the better management of residence and contact disputes where child abuse allegations had been made. These findings are discussed in regard to similar studies internationally. While the two prevailing but opposing stereotypes of fathers' role in child abuse in this context were not confirmed by the research, aspects of the stereotypes regarding fathers' views and mothers' views of each other were supported. Problems associated with the paradoxical position of fathers as the most frequently alleged perpetrators of abuse, the most frequently substantiated perpetrators, and also the most frequently unsubstantiated perpetrators tend not to be fully addressed by the current court process for these disputes.     

青年军人犯罪心理生成特点探析与对策

青年军人犯罪心理的生成 ,与认知心理不够成熟、情绪心理不够稳定、人格构成不够健全有关。对此应对其言行加以仔细观察 ,发现征兆 ,进行调查 ,弄清原因加以解决。社会各层面配合进行教育是整个预防青年军人犯罪的保证。     

EXPENDITURES ON CHILDREN AND VISITATION TIME

In their critique, Garfinkel, McLanahan, and Wallerstein raise concerns about the representativeness of the authors' sample, benchmark approach methodology, and historical review of guidelines, all of which lead them to discount the evidence presented opposing the cliff-model assumption of father expenditures on children, and to laud instead child support guidelines that give little monetary credit or adjustment for visitation. This article presents evidence that (a) this sample is at most little biased, and remains trustworthy for the main implications presented; (b) although only a beginning, the benchmark approach is highly useful and most of the concerns raised about it are ill founded or implausible; and (c) the historical review suggesting that current guidelines assume zero visitation expenses is indeed accurate for the vast majority of states, according to the foremost authority. Thus, notwithstanding the critique, these findings have merit and importance and should be considered by policy makers. The authors also comment on the additional arguments against continuous and generous adjustments for visitation, finding them based on a weak foundation of evidence and reasoning.     

新型毒品滥用与反社会人格——一个犯罪心理学的透视

如果从犯罪心理学的视角,分析新型毒品滥用群体的人格特征,结合考察新型毒品与传统毒品之间的区别,则不难发现,新型毒品的心理依赖性背后,事实上反应了吸毒者群体中一种共性人格特征;而这种共性人格特征实际又与反社会人格障碍之间有着千丝万缕的联系,其深层原因,在于新型毒品对于反社会人格障碍者而言,是一种释放自身被规范所压抑的人格的最具吸引力,且最少责任的媒介。这就为我们提供了一条矫治新型毒品滥用者的新思路。     

犯罪嫌疑人临近供认心理初探

探索犯罪嫌疑人在被审讯中临近供认阶段的心理形成、变化及各种反应 ,把握犯罪嫌疑人临近供认时心理的行为特点、诊断途径和诊断方法 ,这对攻破犯罪嫌疑人的心理防线 ,抓住审讯的核心 ,提高讯问质量至关重要。