SOCIAL SUPPORT,INEQUALITY, AND HOMICIDE: A CROSS‐NATIONAL TEST OF AN INTEGRATED THEORETICAL MODEL*

Social support, institutional anomie, and macrolevel general strain perspectives have emerged as potentially important explanations of aggregate levels of crime. Drawing on insights from each of these perspectives in a cross‐national context, the analyses show that 1) our measure of social support is inversely related to homicide rates, 2) economic inequality also maintains a direct relationship with homicide rates, and 3) social support significantly interacts with economic inequality to influence homicide rates. The implications of the analysis for ongoing discourse concerning the integration of these criminological theories and the implications for the development of effective crime control policies are discussed.     

Social Support and Disclosure of Abuse: Comparing South Asian, African American, and Hispanic Battered Women

Sixty-two battered women who had accessed domestic violence services were asked to whom they disclosed the partner abuse, the responses they received, and how supported they felt by kin and nonkin network members. The findings showed that older women and those who had resided in the United States longer were more likely to make disclosures to kin members. Older women, those who had higher levels of perceived social support, and those who reported lower frequency of physical violence were more likely to disclose to nonkin members. The findings suggest that those women experiencing more severe abuse may be the least likely to disclose to others. As a group, the South Asian women were older and more educated, and greater proportions were or had been married to the abuser. In contrast to the other groups, a greater proportion reported having been burned or scalded and fewer reported being sexually coerced. In greater proportions, they disclosed the abuse to brothers and fathers and were advised to stay in their marriages. Service providers working with minority battered women must be knowledgeable of cross-cultural differences in the experience of abuse and disclosure patterns. Culturally appropriate and aggressive outreach within specific ethnic communities may be required to reach battered women in the community. Service providers must consider working with members of women's informal support network to provide both emotional and instrumental support.     

金融如何为新农村建设提供有力支持

农村金融改革和支农服务的目标应是建立起一个能满足“三农”发展的金融体系。金融支持社会主义新农村建设的政策措施,重点应该放在体制和机制上。     

Classifying Type of Child Maltreatment: Does the Source of Information Make a Difference?

To determine whether antecedents or consequences of maltreatment differ by type of maltreatment, researchers must address the question of how to classify type of maltreatment. However, maltreatment rarely occurs in the pure forms desirable for research. Children often experience multiple forms of maltreatment at one time or experience different types of maltreatment at different times. This paper examines six different methods for classifying type of maltreatment in a sample of cases reported to a state protective service agency. The greatest shifts in type of maltreatment group membership occurred when the definition was expanded from a single maltreatment report to include prior history of maltreatment for the study child and present and prior maltreatment for siblings. Multiple forms of maltreatment increased as more maltreatment history was taken into account. Regardless of the classification source, the most frequent multiple type was the combination of physical abuse and neglect.     

风险投资组织形式的比较与选择

现有有关风险投资的研究多从风险投资家的作用、风险投资的契约形式、投资评估及决策程序、退出方式等角度进行阐述,很少对风险投资机构这一投资主体进行研究.然而不同的组织形式具有不同的效率,不同的国家和地区根据自身情况选择了不同的组织形式.影响风险投资组织形式选择的因素主要有资金来源、法律因素和政府扶植状况.鉴于我国有关法律与制度还不完备,我国现阶段应以公司制为主.可通过实行专家聘任制、经理人回报制度及引入阶段性投资机制解决现有公司制中存在的问题.     

TURNING OFFENDERS INTO RESPONSIBLE PARENTS AND CHILD SUPPORT PAYERS*

This article describes four demonstration projects that strive to promote responsible behavior with respect to parenting, child support payment, and employment among incarcerated and paroled parents with child support obligations. These projects, conducted in Colorado, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Texas, with support from the federal Office of Child Support Enforcement and evaluated by the Center for Policy Research, led to a number of common outcomes and lessons. The projects revealed that inmates want help with child support, parenting, and employment and that prisons can be effective settings in which to conduct such interventions. Family reintegration programs were popular with inmates and may have helped to avoid the rupture of parent–child relationships commonly associated with incarceration. Although employment is the key to child support payment following release, rates of postrelease employment and earnings at all project sites were low and the employment programs were of limited utility in helping released offenders find jobs. Agencies dealing with child support, employment, and criminal justice need to adopt more effective policies with incarcerated parents including transitional job programs that guarantee immediate, subsidized employment upon release, child support guidelines that adjust for low earnings, and better training and education opportunities during incarceration.     

宏观视角下的充分就业问题

本文认为，创业是深度开发就业岗位的前提，促进就业的潜力极大。一是因资本市场发育滞后所导致的金融支持不足；二是低端服务业市场的经营成本高，限制多。前者涉及加快资本市场改革问题，后者涉及放宽低端服务市场的管制问题。     

WTO框架下中国农业法制环境的完善

经过乌拉圭回合的艰苦谈判,WTO成员间终于形成了一套农产品贸易安排的规则体系。我国是传统的农业大国,入世后,中国农业与世界农业的关联度大大增强,所以研究这套规则体系与中国农业发展的关系对于加速中国农业发展,繁荣农村经济,增加农民收入具有重大意义。本文解读了《农业协议》的核心内容,认真研究了中国农业经济和法制的现状,分析了入世给中国农业带来的机遇和挑战,以期对中国农业法制环境的完善提出有益的建议。     

Affirmative Action in an Institutional Context: The Antecedents of Policy Preferences and Political Support

This study broadens the framework within which the psychology of support for affirmative action policies is examined to include the institutional framework within which such policies are developed and implemented. This broader framework includes concern with electoral support for those who implement affirmative action policies, as well as considering the impact of implementing such policies on the overall legitimacy of government. It also includes evaluations of the fairness of the two key social institutions shaping such policies—government authorities and markets. The results of a survey of Americans suggest that this institutional framework had an important influence on reactions to affirmative action policies that was distinct from direct reactions to policies themselves. In particular, people were more supportive of policies intervening in markets when they believed that markets represented unfair social allocation procedures. Those politicians who supported such policies received greater electoral support when people viewed market procedures as being unfair and when they felt that government decision-making procedures were fair. Evidence suggests that outcomes did not directly shape electoral support or judgments about the legitimacy of government.     

汉简所记敬老制度研究

武威汉墓出土的“王杖诏书令”规定给70岁以上的老人授王杖,使其享受种种优惠,并严惩抗令不遵者;而且颁赐王杖不分穷、富、男、女,这充分体现了汉代的养老、敬老制度,也给今人以深刻的启发。