空巢老年人研究文献综述

随着我国老龄化进程加快,空巢老人的数量迅猛增加,对空巢老年人的研究也逐渐增多。现有研究普遍认为,空巢老年人的数量巨大,并且呈不断上升的趋势;空巢老年人内部差异巨大,不同类型的空巢老年人的生活现状、健康情况、家庭关系存在很大的不同;现有空巢老年人的研究中,定量居多,定性研究偏少,静态调查偏多,动态调查较少。对于空巢老年人这一特殊群体,需要学术界更多的关注。     

金融支持资源枯竭型城市转型的模式选择与政策建议

该文通过总结资源枯竭型城市的内涵和转型规律，分析了金融支持资源型城市转型过程中的遇到的问题和主要障碍，借鉴国外资源型城市转型的经验，提出了促进中国金融业支持资源枯竭型城市转型的模式和相关建议。     

基于支持向量机实现骨骺发育分级的自动化评估

目的：运用支持向量机（support vector machine，SVM）实现尺、桡骨远端骨骺发育分级的自动化评估。方法收集我国140例11～19周岁青少年左侧腕关节X线正位片作为训练样本。将尺、桡骨远端骨骺分为五个发育分级，每个分级均包含28例样本。另选35例作为独立校验样本。建立尺、桡骨远端骨骺五个发育分级的SVM分类模型，用留一交叉验证法（leave one out cross validation，LOOCV）进行模型内部交叉验证以及梯度方向直方图（histogram of oriented gradient，HOG）进行模型外部验证，分别计算其准确率（PA）。结果桡骨远端骨骺分级SVM建模、LOOCV和HOG的PA分别为100.0%、78.6%和82.8%。尺骨远端骨骺分级SVM建模、LOOCV和HOG的PA分别为100.0%、80.0%和88.6%。结论运用SVM建立的尺、桡骨远端骨骺发育分级的自动化模型具有一定的可行性，为法医学骨龄评估软件的开发奠定基础。     

Issues in Risk Assessment in Child Protective Services

ABSTRACT

Child welfare organizations throughout North America have expended millions of dollars to develop, implement, and institutionalize formal risk assessment models to improve decision making for maltreated children and their families. This article summarizes findings of the risk assessment literature and concludes that many risk assessment protocols currently in use may not improve either the consistency or the accuracy of protective service decisions for maltreated children. The article recommends strategies to improve decisions that promote child safety by utilizing a continuum of empirically supported decision making tools, each designed for a specific purpose during the life of the case.     

教师虐童涉罪行为的刑法分析

教师虐童案件频发,对其中构成犯罪的行为是以寻衅滋事罪还是以虐待罪处罚在学界存在争议。司法实践中多认定为寻衅滋事罪,但是这并不合适。从长远考虑,应当适当扩大虐待罪主体范围,将虐童情节作为该罪告诉才处理原则的例外,据此以虐待罪规制教师虐童犯罪,以保护未成年人合法权益。     

A Simple Model for Teaching Postmortem Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

Abstract:  Although the ophthalmoscope was invented by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1851, pathologists until recently have relied almost exclusively on ocular enucleation to identify and describe postmortem fundal abnormalities. An inexpensive but valuable tool for forensic pathologists, the postmortem monocular indirect ophthalmoscope consists of a light source attached to a headband along with a hand-held lens. This permits a wide view of the fundus after death but the technique can be challenging to master for pathology residents and forensic pathology fellows. To facilitate skill acquisition in monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, a simple and inexpensive teaching model can be constructed from hinged, cylindrical plastic containers. An artificial pupil created in the lid and a removable color fundal image placed in the bottom of the opaque container allows the pathologist-in-training to practice the technique of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and correctly identify, localize, and describe fundal abnormalities such as retinal hemorrhages.     

Clinical Application of the Service-Learning Model in Psychology

SUMMARY

Students in Abnormal Psychology who pursued a service-learning opportunity worked with troubled youth in the juvenile justice system. Consistent with an a priori hypothesis, results revealed the following pattern: (a) service-learning students and traditional students exhibited similar levels of academic performance early in the semester; and (b) as the semester progressed, and service-learning students became more involved in course-related service, they showed increasingly superior academic performance relative to traditional students. As hypothesized, service-learning students were more likely than traditional students to perceive themselves as: (a) achieving personal development in the area of social responsibility and (b) learning to apply course concepts to new situations. Preliminary evidence that the project made clinically significant contributions to the service agency is also presented. Innovations to be implemented in this ongoing project are discussed, and recommendations for research are noted.     

The School Enrollment Process for Group Home Youth

Abstract

When children are moved into a new group home, best practices would suggest that collaboration is required between public child welfare workers, group home staff, and school staff to ensure an appropriate educational setting for the child with minimal delay. The purpose of this research was to examine the amount of time between placement in a new group home and enrollment and attendance in a new school. The study also sought to better understand the reasons for delays when they occur. The study included data on 45 newly placed group home youth served in 26 randomly selected group homes in 3 counties in California. Data were obtained through case record reviews and interviews conducted with social workers, group home personnel, and school staff. The data suggest that the tools and legal codes designed to facilitate the process of enrolling group home youth in school frequently are not complied with or used. Delays in enrollment and attendance were common, particularly for youth requiring special educational services; inter-agency communication among responsible parties was infrequent; and all parties too often erroneously relied on others to carry out fundamental tasks associated with school placement. Suggested procedures are offered for public child welfare workers and other parties to improve coordination and educational outcomes for youth.     

Responding to Children Victimized by Their Peers

Abstract

Because victimization results from the dynamic interplay between the victim and his or her parents, peers, and teachers, responding to this problem should involve both direct and indirect interventions. This paper describes and reviews empirically supported direct interventions with victims, as well as indirect interventions with parents, peers, and school staff. Although the primary focus is on bullying, research on related forms of peer victimization, such as rejection, are included, as these have been subject to more empirical study. The review concludes that there is empirical support for direct and indirect interventions for specific problems associated with rejection, though research studies on interventions for victims of bullying are lacking. In addition, comprehensive primary prevention approaches for reducing bullying have shown promise, but there is a lack of empirically supported secondary prevention efforts that focus on increasing social support for children who, despite primary prevention efforts, continue to suffer the consequences of peer victimization.     

Housing Subsidies and Early Childhood Development: A Comprehensive Review of Policies and Demonstration Projects

ABSTRACT

In this article, we ask how housing subsidies might influence young children. We examine two national housing policies – public housing assistance and the Section 8 vouchers program – and two demonstration projects that aimed to improve the administration of providing housing subsidies – HOPE (Homeownership Opportunities for People Everywhere) VI and Moving to Opportunity. This article is a critical examination of these policies and demonstration projects in relation to the following housing dimensions that promote the healthy development of young children: income supplements residential stability, physical environment, access to services and amenities, housing choice, neighborhood safety, and social capital. We compared advantages and limitations of each of these national housing policies and demonstration projects and examined ways in which they might influence children in these housing dimensions. The article concludes with implications and future research directions for U.S. housing policy by discussing its most recent U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) initiative, Rental Assistance Demonstration, in addressing limitations of housing policies and demonstration projects we examined.