Reflections on the development of the nota policy ‘working with adults and adolescents who exhibit sexually abusive behaviours: The use of sexually salient and pornographic materials’

Abstract

In 1994 the Policy and Ethics Sub-Committee of The National Association for the Development of Work with Sex Offenders developed and published a policy on the use of ‘sexually salient and pornographic’ materials in working with adults and adolescents who exhibited sexually abusive behaviours. Here, Alix Brown, one of the originators of this policy, reflects on the reasons it was brought into being and its relevance to sex offender treatment now. The policy document follows this article.     

A study of stranger rapists from the English high security hospitals

Abstract

Heterogeneity hinders our understanding of sexual violence; but does this problem extend to stranger rape and, if so, would the construction of homogeneous subtypes advance our understanding of this crime and aid criminal investigations and clinical practice? To answer these questions, 41 stranger rapists from the English high security hospitals were examined using version 3 of the Massachusetts Treatment Centre rapist typology (MTC:R3) and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The MTC:R3 suggested that sexual desire and opportunism were the primary motivations for these men, but that proportionately more psychopaths were violent and sadistic. In accordance with previous research, the men experienced problematic childhoods and displayed high rates of criminality and psychiatric morbidity in adulthood. However, MDS found that rapist histories and offence behaviours generally divide into sexual and violent themes. These results have important implications for theory, criminal investigations and clinical practice.     

Repeat Citizens in Motor Vehicle Stops

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the possible existence of the repeat phenomenon and their impact on racial disparities in police motor vehicle stops. The repeat phenomenon is the existence of a small proportion of people or places that account for a much larger proportion of events. While this phenomenon has been identified and discussed in other areas of criminal justice and criminology, it has not been extended to motor vehicle stops. The current study examines the existence of repeat citizens in a population of motor vehicle stops (N = 4775) from a Mid-western city during 2001. A small, but significant, concentration of motor vehicle stops were discovered among a few citizens and significant predictors of citizen performance included citizen race, gender, age, residency, time of the stop, and reason for the stop.     

A New Look at the Gender Gap in Offending

Studies of public support for capital punishment have consistently observed a strong and enduring gender gap in the level of death penalty support, with males consistently more inclined than females to support capital punishment. This unexplained relationship has endured over time and space as well as across a myriad of research designs. The present study uses attribution theory in a factorial survey design to account for this relationship. Analyses of data obtained from jurors provide mixed support for attribution theory yet fails to bridge the gender gap in death penalty support. The implications of these findings as they relate to gender, socialization, and attributions are discussed.     

Sex Differences in Age Patterns of Delinquent/Criminal Careers: Results from Poisson Latent Class Analyses of the Philadelphia Cohort Study

Applications of latent class analyses to the study of criminal careers have yielded results with implications for criminological theory. Distinct latent classes of individuals within various samples have been identified based upon the similarity of individuals with respect to their rate of offending across the teen and adult years, net of the effects of other regressors. In previous research on samples of males taken from the cities of London and Philadelphia, four and five such categories have been identified respectively, ranging from a group of nonoffenders to a group of chronic offenders. However, the question of whether similar findings hold for females has not been adequately addressed, in part due to the scarcity of longitudinal samples with sizable female populations. Data from the Second Philadelphia Cohort are used to address this and related questions. First, are there latent classes of female offenders? Second, if such categories do exist, how do they compare? Third, how do classes of male and female offenders compare on key measures of criminal careers? Analyses of the samples yield differing numbers of classes for males and females. Gender invariances as well as differences in patterns of offending are also found and are discussed.     

六味补气胶囊对肺气虚型慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者生活质量和肺功能的影响

［摘要］目的 探讨六味补气胶囊对肺气虚型慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期患者生活质量和肺功能的影响。方法 选择80例COPD稳定期肺气虚证患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例。对照组和治疗组均给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上给予六味补气胶囊口服。在治疗前后采用圣乔治呼吸问卷分别对两组患者的生活质量进行测评,并检测肺功能。结果 治疗后对照组和治疗组分别脱落2、3例。治疗前后两组肺活量和第一秒用力肺活量（forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1）比较,以及两组治疗后肺活量和FEV1比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗后两组圣乔治呼吸问卷3个维度（呼吸症状、活动受限和疾病影响）评分显著低于治疗前（P<0.01）,治疗组圣乔治呼吸问卷4个维度（呼吸症状、活动受限、疾病影响和生活质量）的改善明显优于对照组(P＜0.01)。结论 六味补气胶囊干预肺气虚型COPD稳定期患者,能够减缓患者肺功能下降,提高生活质量。     

推拿走罐治疗气虚型慢性疲劳综合征疗效观察

目的 观察推拿走罐疗法对慢性疲劳综合征(chronic fatigue syndrome,CFS)气虚型的治疗作用.方法 将60例气虚型CFS患者随机分为推拿走罐治疗组和口服补中益气丸对照组各30例,观察两组临床疗效,及疲劳、疼痛和主要伴随症状的改善情况.结果 治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为93.3%、73.3%,两组总...     

Biting Through an Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Graft: An Unusual Method of Suicide

Abstract:  Patients on long-term hemodialysis often have multiple medical and social problems with associated psychological stress and depression. The suicide rate in this population is higher than the general population, and suicides have been reported following severing or disconnection of hemodialysis vascular access sites. We report a patient on chronic hemodialysis with a history of depression and suicidal ideation who bit into his forearm arteriovenous graft and exsanguinated.     

“清肺散”穴位贴敷治疗痰热郁肺证慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重35例

目的观察"清肺散"穴位贴敷对痰热郁肺证慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)患者的临床疗效。方法将痰热郁肺证AECOPD患者70例采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组35例。对照组予西医常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上予以"清肺散"穴位贴敷治疗,疗程为10d。比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前后动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)和动脉血二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)以及血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平的变化情况。结果两组临床疗效分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组疗效优于对照组;治疗后,两组患者的PaO2水平较治疗前显著升高,PaCO2水平较治疗前显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前后PaO2、PaCO2差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组PCT、hs-CRP水平较治疗前降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组治疗前后PCT、hs-CRP差值比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 "清肺散"穴位贴敷联合西医常规治疗可以改善AECOPD患者缺氧状态,减轻炎症程度,提高临床疗效。     

Do Blacks Speak with one Voice? Immigrants,Public Opinions,and Perceptions of Criminal Injustices

This paper tests core tenets of the theory of African-American offending proposed by Unnever and Gabbidon. Their theory posits that African-Americans have a common worldview on matters of race that is related to their offending. However, Unnever and Gabbidon further hypothesize that immigrant blacks do not fully embrace the worldview shared by US-born blacks. Using a 2008 national Gallup poll, we examine whether US-born blacks share a common worldview and whether foreign-born blacks differ in their opinions on key issues including: criminal injustices, the state of American race relations, attitudes towards immigration and illegal immigrants, and the perception of mobility within American society. The results partially confirm their two key hypotheses; there are no entrenched differences in the public opinions of US-born blacks on race-related matters while immigrant blacks do not wholly endorse their worldview. We discuss the implications of these two findings in relation to how scholars conceptualize offending among blacks.