谈学校与学生之间的法律关系

学校与学生之间的法律关系,从本质上说就是学校与学生之间的权利和义务的关系,其核心是学生权利范围及其法律保障问题。关于这一特定法律关系的理论主要有行政法律关系、民事合同法律关系、双重法律关系。在我国教育司法制度中,在学校和学生的法律关系至今尚无明确规定的情况下,文章通过对有关理论的探讨,试图找到一种思路,对研究问题提供借鉴。     

论刑事强制措施的完善

在我国的法制建设过程中,现行的刑事强制措施的作用是功不可没的。但是随着民主法制进程的不断推进,尤其是将“建设社会主义法治国家”、“保障人权”等法制建设的目标通过宪法确认后,强制措施在新的法律价值标准下,也显现出了从制度建设到程序设计及实施诸方面的缺陷和不足,应该进行深入的研究分析,使其得到补充和完善。     

制度视野下的私有财产权保护

私有财产权是宪政的基石、人权的屏障、民主的前提、市场经济的核心、社会繁荣稳定的枢纽。保护私有财产权是维持市场经济正常运转的前提。完善私有财产权保护制度是完善社会主义市场经济体制的重要内容。适应社会主义市场经济发展的内在要求,从宪政建设和法律保障及正确处理私有财产权保护与公共利益的关系等方面对私有财产权给予完整充分的保护是我国当前完善社会主义市场经济体制面临的重要课题。     

被害人权利保护与恢复性司法

以恢复性司法为制度进路,追求刑事被害人权利保护这一事关实质正义实现的法治目标。对犯罪人的制裁更多地涉及法律的一般性与普遍性,因此偏重于追求形式正义;对被害人权利的弥补、修复、保护更多地涉及生活中实际、具体的事件之合理性与被害人个别处遇,因此偏重于追求实质正义。在传统刑事司法制度中,被害人的权利长期遭受不应有的忽视,而在欧美获得蓬勃发展的恢复性司法制度则针对不同案件、不同犯罪人和被害人开展了形式多样的恢复性司法计划,为我国惩治犯罪人、保护被害人与实现个案中的实质正义提供了良好的理论资源与制度进路。     

明治时期日本政治精英的中国观——以原敬为中心

日本近代政党政治家原敬(1856—1921)的中国观具有典型的时代烙印,即"适时适机"地从中国牟取利权。同时,原敬的中国观亦有其独特的思维模式和见解:"对清政略即对欧政略,对欧政略即护国政略。"另一方面,原敬在这一时期已经将目光更多地转向日本资本主义在中国的经济利益。从重视经济利益和国际竞争的角度出发,原敬认为日本在外交上不能采取强硬的举措,要注意和中国官民"友好相处",在中国维持一种对日本而言比较和平的氛围。     

中国行政法律文化30年演变与发展

行政法律文化是行政法治的灵魂,一个国家的行政法律文化,直接影响着该国行政法治的水平。从1978年十一届三中全会至今,我国的行政法律文化正处在由传统到现代的历史性嬗变过程中,即由权力本位逐步在走向权利本位;管理行政理念正在让渡服务行政理念;行政法治理念亦在渐渐取代行政人治理念,责任政府理念、民主政府理念、诚信政府理念等已成为民众的内心渴望和追求。现代行政法律文化逐步形成,并进一步繁荣、发展,推动着我国法治社会的建设。     

Post-conflict justice in divided democracies: the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in India

Abstract

Official figures claim that almost 3000 people were killed, and many more injured or displaced, in four days of rioting aimed at the Sikh population of Delhi in late October and early November 1984 following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. This article analyses the efforts made to address the human rights violations that occurred. It argues that as a divided democracy, India has struggled to do justice to the victims, despite multiple commissions of inquiry, compensation schemes and a prime ministerial apology. It argues that this has occurred not simply because of challenges commonly faced by democracies dealing with similar incidents, but also because of the particular problems faced in a context in which we see continuity of rule by a political elite allegedly implicated in the abuse and in which there is acute concern for the survival of a fragile divided polity.     

On the Legal Regulation of Algorithms

Increasingly, algorithms challenge legal regulations, and also challenge the right to explanation, personal privacy and freedom, and individual equal protection. As decision-making mechanisms for human-machine interaction, algorithms are not value-neutral and should be legally regulated. Algorithm disclosure, personal data empowerment, and anti-algorithmic discrimination are traditional regulatory methods relating to algorithms, but mechanically using these methods presents difficulties in feasibility and desirability. Algorithm disclosure faces difficulties such as technical infeasibility, meaningless disclosure, user gaming and intellectual property right infringement. And personal data empowerment faces difficulties such as personal difficulty in exercising data rights and excessive personal data empowerment, making it difficult for big data and algorithms to operate effectively. Anti-algorithmic discrimination faces difficulties such as non-machine algorithmic discrimination, impossible status neutrality, and difficult realization of social equality. Taking scenarios of algorithms lightly is the root cause of the traditional algorithm regulation path dilemma. Algorithms may differ in attributes due to specific algorithmic subjects, objects and domains involved. Therefore, algorithm regulation should be developed and employed based on a case-by-case approach to the development of accountable algorithms. Following these development principles, specific rules can be enacted to regulate algorithm disclosure, data empowerment, and anti-algorithmic discrimination.     

Self-determination,group identity and the common will

ABSTRACT

Anna Stilz defends a political autonomy account of self-determination that, she argues, best explains our intuitions about why colonization, annexation and foreign occupation are wrong. These are wrong, on Stilz’s view, because they unilaterally coerce individuals living under those systems of government. I argue that Stilz does not show that her account of self-determination explains our intuitions about autonomy in these kinds of cases, because she does not have a separate argument for the value of belonging to particular political groups.     

Resistance to Chronic Violence in Informal Workplaces: The Strategies of Domestic Workers in Brazil (2003–2018)

This article analyses the repertoire of individual strategies utilised by domestic workers to resist routinised workplace violence in the cities of São Paulo and Ilhéus, Brazil. Findings suggest that domestic workers favour two strategies of resistance: exit (quitting work without prior notice) and voice (negotiating workplace conditions). The latter strategy is divided into two subtypes: voice-pleading (appealing to decency) and voice-confrontation (warning and rights-claiming). Voice strategies appear more effective than exit in ameliorating patterns of chronic workplace violence, particularly when they incorporate labour rights claims and when emotional ties exist between workers and employers.