Development of Latent Fingermarks on Surfaces of Food‐A More Realistic Approach

Latent fingermark developing methods from food (mandarin, egg, banana, apple, potato, carrot, eggplant, onion, bell pepper, and tomato) surface has been studied by 10 methods, including powdering method, small particle reagent method, and cyanoacrylate fuming method. The foods were stored under two conditions (room temperature and refrigerator) before fingermark deposition and aged for 2, 24, 48, and 72 h before fingermark development. In most of the food surfaces used in this study, cyanoacrylate fuming with 80% relative humidity was superior to the powder or small particle reagent methods. The quality of the fingermarks varied depending on the storage conditions before the fingermark deposition (in the refrigerator or at ambient temperature) and the time elapsed since the fingermark deposition. However, the storage conditions before the fingermark deposition and the time elapsed since the fingermark deposition did not show any correlation with the quality of the fingermark.     

Comparison of DNA yield after long-term storage of Second World War bone samples

Sample storage is of paramount importance in forensic genetics laboratories since only optimal storage enables successful recovery of DNA from old bones that contain very low amount of severely degraded DNA. When identification of missing persons from skeletal remains is completed, bone sample is routinely stored at -20 °C for long-term storage for retesting in future, if necessary. After molecular genetic analyses of Slovenian Second World War (WWII) victims, small fragments of femurs were stored at -20 °C. Reduction in DNA recovery has been observed in frozen liquid DNA extracts by some authors and the goal of our study was to explore how freezing of bone samples affects the preservation of DNA. To achieve this goal, the difference in DNA yield in extracts obtained from WWII bones analyzed in 2009 (data from published paper) and DNA yield in extracts obtained from the same bones (piece sampled next to the one used in 2009) taken out of the freezer after long-term storage on -20 °C for 10 years was examined, using the same extraction method and the same quantification kit. Up to 100 ng DNA/g of bone powder was obtained from 57 WWII femurs and up to 31 ng DNA/g of bone powder from the same femurs investigated after long-term storage in this study. 0,5 g of bone powder was decalcified using full demineralization extraction method. The DNA was purified in a Biorobot EZ1 device (Qiagen) and DNA quantity determined with the Human Quantifiler kit (TFS). Statistical analysis showed significant difference in DNA yield in extracts obtained from WWII bones in 2009 and extracts obtained from the same bones stored at -20 °C after 10 years. As reported for frozen liquid DNA extracts, reduction in recovery of DNA was confirmed for frozen bone samples as well.     

云计算平台著作权侵权责任认定的内在机理与路径建构

云计算平台作为新型网络服务提供者的典型代表，相较传统网络服务提供者，具有大规模、虚拟化、多租户、回避用户内容等特征，已在一定程度上超出了传统避风港原则的制度设计范畴，为著作权侵权责任的认定带来诸多挑战，既有分析视角呈现抽象有余而体系化不足的趋势。云计算平台著作权侵权责任理论应以注意义务为核心要素，而针对用户上传内容不负有审查义务。在IaaS、PaaS、SaaS等不同服务模式下，云计算平台的注意义务边界应当随着控制对象和控制能力的不同有所区分。在认定云计算平台著作权侵权责任时，司法者应当在坚持“通知—必要措施”的基本方法下，实现“比例原则”的具体运用，同时注重“动态调整”的发展趋势。