精神病人辨认能力和控制能力的多因素分析

目的探讨更科学、客观地评定辨认能力和控制能力的方法。方法对239例刑事责任能力评定案件资料进行相关分析和逐步判别分析,筛选出对辨认能力和控制能力评定有重要影响的判别因子。结果辨认能力与控制能力的判别因子稍有差异,但与责任能力三者之间高度相关;精神科诊断、作案现实动机、作案对象选择性、作案后逃避责任、生活自理能力损害、现实检验能力损害为辨认能力的判别因子;精神科诊断、作案现实动机、作案前先兆、作案对象选择性、作案后逃避责任、工作学习能力的损害、自知力损害、现实检验能力损害、自我控制能力损害为控制能力的判别因子;建立的辨认能力和控制能力的判别方程经组内、组外考核有较高的正确率。结论辨认能力和控制能力判定的多元方程有较好的实用价值,有助于提高鉴定结论的一致性。     

思维科学的突破口:形象思维——钱学森对创建形象思维学的开拓性贡献

20世纪80年代初以来，著名科学家钱学森发表一系列论著，倡导思维科学研究。1984年在全国首届思维科学讨论会上，钱学森提出”把形象（直感）思维作为思想科学的突破口”，并预言”思维科学的研究将孕育一场新的科学革命。”30年来，他还在相关学术论文和研究通信中，为思维科学研究和《形象思维学》理论体系的创立提出许多开拓性的见解．并以科研系统工程的战略眼光组织有关研究人员合作攻关，为思维科学研究和《形象思维学》的创立做出了开拓性的重大贡献。     

领导部属交换认知结构的探索性研究

通过对15个部门或团队32位员工的开放式访谈、半开放式访谈,运用扎根理论方法对员工LMX认知的结构体系进行了探索性研究。结果表明:LMX认知的结构是一个多维的构思,包括:上司尊重、不公平对待、支持协助、圈内归属、回报义务五个维度;LMX认知的五个认知维度之间并不是完全独立的,彼此存在一定的联系;LMX认知的动力基础主要来自于上司和员工两个层面。     

Personality disorders and criminal responsibility in the Spanish supreme court

The aim of this study is to determine how personality disorders (PDs) are viewed in relation to criminal responsibility (CR) within the jurisprudence of the Spanish Supreme Court. All sentences with PD from 2000 to 2006 were included. The most frequently occurring PDs are cluster B and nonspecific disorders, alongside another Axis I disorder. The Spanish Supreme Court admitted appeals on 50%, and sentencing criteria were changed in 25% of the cases. The most frequent outcome was in the first instance a minor reduction in CR and second full CR being upheld. The borderline PD and the comorbidity between a PD and an Axis I disorder are the variables associated with the decrease in CR. The assessment of CR in PD should be undertaken using the diagnosis as a base taking into account other elements, such as the type of PD, its seriousness, comorbidity, and relationship with the criminal behavior on trial.     

Essential medicolegal death investigation services: standardization of a survey instrument based on the Essential Public Health Services

The National Academy of Sciences recommends that states assess the performance of medicolegal death investigation agencies. To aid in performance assessment, we adapted an instrument based on the CDC's 10 Essential Public Health Services by translating the terminology to that of essential medicolegal death investigation services. This produced a survey that could be used to standardize reporting practices and services of agencies. To validate the instrument, a stratified random sample of 12 death investigation chiefs in 12 states was interviewed. This sample represented both medical examiner and coroner jurisdictions within the varying medicolegal structures. A cognitive testing process elicited how well participants could respond to and interpret the survey questions. The response was favorable in that the respondents agreed that given specific revisions toward question clarification, the instrument would be a useful and relevant tool for assessing system performance.     

Tensions in Belgium

ABSTRACT

Musolff's study applies methods of cognitive metaphor analysis to Hitler's antisemitic imagery in Mein Kampf, especially to the conceptualization of the German nation as a (human) body that had to be cured from a deadly disease caused by Jewish parasites. The relevant expressions from the conceptual domains of biological and medical categories form a partly narrative, partly inferential-argumentative source ‘scenario’, which centred on a notion of blood poisoning that was understood in three ways: a) as a supposedly real act of blood defilement, i.e. rape; b) as a part of the source scenario of illness-cure; and c) as an allegorical element of an apocalyptic narrative of a devilish conspiracy against the ‘grand design of the creator’. The conceptual differences of source and target levels were thus short-circuited to form a belief-system that was no longer open to criticism. The results cast new light on central topics of Holocaust research, such as the debates between more ‘intentionalist’ and more ‘functionalist’ explanations of the origins of the Holocaust, and the question of how the Nazi metaphor system helped gradually to ‘initiate’ wider parts of the German populace into the implications of the illness-cure scenario as a blueprint for genocide. The Nazi antisemitic metaphor system thus provides a unique example of the cognitive forces that can be unleashed in the service of racist stigmatization and dehumanization.     

Cognitive Skills,Adolescent Violence,and the Moderating Role of Neighborhood Disadvantage

Numerous studies uncover a link between cognitive skills and adolescent violence. Overlooked is whether the relationship changes at varying levels of neighborhood disadvantage. We examine the issue by contrasting two models that place individual difference in cognitive skill within a social‐structural framework. Using five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a three‐level hierarchical model, results indicate that cognitive skill is inversely associated with violence and that the relationship is strongest in non‐disadvantaged neighborhoods. However, the cognitive skills–violence relationship is indistinguishable from zero in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. The findings are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that social expression of developed ability is muted in disadvantaged contexts.     

Testing for Potential Contextual Bias Effects During the Verification Stage of the ACE‐V Methodology when Conducting Fingerprint Comparisons*

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess if fingerprint specialists could be influenced by extraneous contextual information during a verification process. Participants were separated into three groups: a control group (no contextual information was given), a low bias group (minimal contextual information was given in the form of a report prompting conclusions), and a high bias group (an internationally recognized fingerprint expert provided conclusions and case information to deceive this group into believing that it was his case and conclusions). A similar experiment was later conducted with laypersons. The results showed that fingerprint experts were influenced by contextual information during fingerprint comparisons, but not towards making errors. Instead, fingerprint experts under the biasing conditions provided significantly fewer definitive and erroneous conclusions than the control group. In contrast, the novice participants were more influenced by the bias conditions and did tend to make incorrect judgments, especially when prompted towards an incorrect response by the bias prompt.     

“爱情”隐喻的认知共性、异性与文化差异

隐喻是人类认知的工具,它深深根植于人类的语言、思维和文化中。从文化差异的角度,分析和比较英汉＂爱情＂隐喻的认知共性与认知异性,可知隐喻概念体系作为文化的组成部分,它与社会及文化中最基本的价值观念相一致。