Peer Victimization,Antisocial Cognition,and Delinquency in Early Adolescent Schoolchildren: A Test of the Person–Situation Interface

ABSTRACT

Interactive and mediating effects have the ability to elucidate variable relationships. The goal of the current study was to explore how these two effects potentially clarify the victimization–offending relationship. Examining three waves of longitudinal data, it was predicted that Wave 1 victimization would enhance Wave 2 cognitive impulsivity, Wave 2 victimization would interact with Wave 2 cognitive impulsivity, and Wave 2 cognitive impulsivity and the victimization x cognitive impulsivity interaction would both fuel a rise in Wave 3 delinquency. All predicted relationships were observed when evaluated in a group of 960 early adolescents (457 boys, 503 girls) from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence (ISBSV). When cognitive insensitivity replaced cognitive impulsivity as the mediator, the mediating and moderating effects were no longer significant. These results suggest that victimization stimulates reckless thinking, which, when aided by subsequent victimization, encourages future delinquency.     

指称转喻研究的认知与功能视角

转喻研究由来已久，本文对国内外语言学界的指称转喻研究进行梳理，追溯指称转喻研究历经的四种视角：修辞视角、结构视角、认知视角和符号视角。在这四种理论视角中，影响最久远的是修辞观，当今最盛行的是认知观。未来对于指称转喻的研究需要将认知视角与功能视角结合起来，既要关注指称转喻使用的个体维度，又不能忽视指称转喻使用的群体特征。     

重构“认知图式”——提升中国共产党对大学生信仰吸引力的逻辑起点

重构大学生对中国共产党的认知图式是提升中国共产党对大学生信仰吸引力的必然要求。从审视当代大学生对党信仰的现状出发,通过对信仰缺乏的原因分析,重构大学生对中国共产党的＂认知图式＂,必将对提升中国共产党的信仰吸引力起到建设性的作用。     

认知脑电测谎中汉字和图片刺激材料的研究

认知脑电测谎一般采用案件图片刺激或者是具有特定意义的字词句来研究。对汉字和图片的ERP相关研究发现了二者都存在新旧效应,但也发现了二者诱发的特异性ERPs成分在潜伏期、波幅、频率等上不同,存在＂图片优势效应＂。这可能是由于大脑对两种性质不同的刺激材料的认知加工过程差异造成的。本文通过对二种刺激材料的差异研究探讨了在民事和刑事案件中面对不同情况下选择何种刺激材料才能更好地引发目标刺激的反应,有效地提取、识别出特异性目标脑电特征,从而提高检测被测人大脑中是否具有案件相关信息的准确率。     

检察机关提起民事诉讼:法理、价值及其程序建构

授权检察机关提起民事诉讼为当今多数国家民事诉讼立法的共同选择,我国虽对此未作规定,但实务部门已进行了颇具启发性的探索。检察机关提起民事诉讼具备法理上的正当性,有利于维护社会公益,实现社会公正,提高诉讼效率。我国立法应确立检察机关提起民事诉讼制度。     

社区治理模式转型下的农民参与"新农合"分析——以内蒙古姚村为例

以往对农民参与新型农村合作医疗(简称新农合)的研究缺乏从农村社区治理视角的分析。以内蒙古姚村农民参与新农合为例,从社区治理模式转型这一视角分析农民在参与新农合制度中存在的不足,认为农村社区治理模式在由宗族型向由自治组织型的转变中,农民参与社区公共事务在参与决策制定、参与过程和参与结果的掌控方面存在缺乏组织依附、自我管理差的不足。加速自治组织的完善,克服农民的原子化倾向,提升农民社区参与程度,才能保证惠农支农政策的实施。     

Evaluation of the cognitive intervention programme ‘A New Direction’ targeting young offenders in Sweden

The treatment of offenders has changed from focusing on risk management to also emphasizing salutogenic experiences as a protective factor. The programme ‘A New Direction’ involves cognitive intervention combining the above-mentioned approaches to treat young criminals and young persons at risk of developing a criminal lifestyle. In evaluating this programme, 61 participants from the Swedish social services and youth care facilities were divided into two treatment groups and two control groups. All participants were subjected to pre- and post-measurements using two questionnaires: the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) and the Sense of Coherence (SOC-13). The two treatment groups followed the programme during one week and 9–30 weeks, respectively, with the control groups measured at approximately the corresponding time intervals. The results show reduced PICTS from high to low levels and increased SOC only for the multi-week treatment group. Although the recidivism analysis revealed a greater reduction of convicted offences in the multi-week treatment group compared with the control group, the finding is tentative because of small sample sizes. To conclude, cognitive intervention shows promise for reducing criminal thinking patterns and increasing sense of coherence, which may have beneficial effects on the behaviour of young offenders.     

The Consumer as the Empirical Measure of Trade Mark Law

Although consumer responses to signs and symbols lie at the heart of trade mark law, courts blow hot and cold on the relevance of empirical evidence – such as surveys and experiments – to establish how consumers respond to alleged infringing marks. This ambivalence is related to deeper rifts between trade mark doctrine and the science around consumer decision‐making. This article engages with an approach in ‘Law and Science’ literature: looking at how cognitive psychology and related disciplines conceptualise consumer decision‐making, and how counterintuitive lawyers’ approaches appear from this perspective. It demonstrates how, especially when proving confusion, decision‐makers in trade mark demand the impossible of empiricists and are simultaneously blind to the weaknesses of other sources of proof. A principled divergence, without seeking to collapse the gaps between legal and scientific approaches, but taking certain small steps, could reduce current problems of proof and contribute to better‐informed, more empirically grounded decisions.     

动态商标及其显著性认定

纸质媒介为主导的传统视觉生活是以静态的传统商标为主,但随着互联网的发展和普及以及电子商务的迅猛发展,非传统的动态商标逐渐受到国际社会的广泛关注。动态商标是以数字媒介为载体和动感设计为特征,是属于广义上的可视性商标。是符合绝大多数国家商标法对商标的规定。动态商标从本质上讲属于心理的认知,是消费者对商标所代表的有关商品或服务信息的评价。强大的视觉冲击效果和周而复始的广告宣传,使得动态商标在消费者的“认知网络”的信息组块中形成结点,从而使动态商标获得显著性。     

A re‐analysis that supports our main results: A reply to Levine et al.

Levine et al. (2018) criticized our meta‐analysis, but their conclusion was the same as ours: The cognitive approach to lie detection results in a modest improvement. We address and dismiss Levine et al.'s (2018) three criticisms. Regarding the ‘confound’, in our meta‐analysis we averaged the results of two cells on statistical grounds, which does not constitute a confound in statistical terms. Regarding ‘aberrant controls’, that depends entirely on the benchmarks selected and type of statistical test and meta‐analysis used. Regarding ‘unreliable data’, the claim that there is a positive relationship between ‘unreliable’ data and total accuracy in the cognitive lie detection conditions is not even supported by their own data (p = .16). We conclude with a request to Levine et al. to focus on our shared aim: to develop interview protocols that enable lie detection.