数学学习困难儿童的认知加工机制研究

与数学学习优秀儿童相比,数学学习困难儿童的语音加工速度、短时记忆、中央执行功能以及整体工作记忆能力方面都存在明显不足,但只有工作记忆能力不足才能明确解释数学学习困难,即数学学习困难与工作记忆能力下降有密切关系.进一步分析发现,由工作记忆能力下降引起的数学学习困难与特定的工作记忆能力不足有关,即数学学习困难几乎完全是由于数字工作记忆能力下降引起,而与视空间工作记忆能力下降无关,这种由数字工作记忆下降而引起数学学习困难的更深层次原因可能在于较差的语音加工速度与中央执行功能二者的共同影响.     

对意义的追问与心理学研究——兼论“第二次认知革命”的原则和结果

现代西方心理学在经过了行为主义、认知主义的描写后,正在接受一种新的描述方式."第二次认知革命"有可能使心理学向心理学是有关个体或者群体中的积极人的研究这一传统的、常识性观念回归.认知革命明确了一个真理,心理学应该成为对意义的心理研究.然而,在方法论上传承了行为主义的认知心理学,片面地将"意义制造"理解为"信息加工",追求心灵——"自然之镜"——中的"心理表象".话语观念的导入,使得处在语用平台上心理学家认为,语境、社会-语言的约定以及社会交换的模式,是构成意义的唯一决定因素.在这三描述方式中,对意义的理解和建构发挥着关键的作用.话语在心理现象中占有中心地位.这使我们认为,心灵是个动态的观点,植根于历史、政治、文化、社会和人际的语境之中.     

精神病人辨认能力和控制能力的多因素分析

目的探讨更科学、客观地评定辨认能力和控制能力的方法。方法对239例刑事责任能力评定案件资料进行相关分析和逐步判别分析,筛选出对辨认能力和控制能力评定有重要影响的判别因子。结果辨认能力与控制能力的判别因子稍有差异,但与责任能力三者之间高度相关;精神科诊断、作案现实动机、作案对象选择性、作案后逃避责任、生活自理能力损害、现实检验能力损害为辨认能力的判别因子;精神科诊断、作案现实动机、作案前先兆、作案对象选择性、作案后逃避责任、工作学习能力的损害、自知力损害、现实检验能力损害、自我控制能力损害为控制能力的判别因子;建立的辨认能力和控制能力的判别方程经组内、组外考核有较高的正确率。结论辨认能力和控制能力判定的多元方程有较好的实用价值,有助于提高鉴定结论的一致性。     

Politics and the Price of Rice in Thailand: Public Choice,Institutional Change and Rural Subsidies

Despite the Thai state’s long record of rice market interventions, historically politicians failed to leverage rice subsidies in their pursuit of political support, notwithstanding the large number of farmers in the country. Since Thaksin Shinawatra’s election in 2001, though, each government has subsidised rice producers, although at varying degrees. What explains this change? This article traces the four-decade history of rice price support programmes. It is proposed that these policies be interpreted through the dual lens of institutionalism and public choice theory, demonstrating how political institutions have shaped incentives for politicians to cater to different constituencies. During the pre-1980 period, under authoritarian regimes, Thai leaders applied rice price policies to benefit urban consumers and the government. From 1979 through 2000, following implementation of the block-vote system, rice interventions were used to appeal to voting intermediaries like rice millers, as bargaining chips among competing parties and as stopgap measures to diffuse farmer protests. Since 2001, responding to the electoral system created by the 1997 constitution, politicians have appealed directly to the voting public, seeking broad-based support via subsidies. The analysis highlights the impact that shifting institutional incentives have on politicians’ actions and thus the emergent policies.     

思维科学的突破口:形象思维——钱学森对创建形象思维学的开拓性贡献

20世纪80年代初以来，著名科学家钱学森发表一系列论著，倡导思维科学研究。1984年在全国首届思维科学讨论会上，钱学森提出”把形象（直感）思维作为思想科学的突破口”，并预言”思维科学的研究将孕育一场新的科学革命。”30年来，他还在相关学术论文和研究通信中，为思维科学研究和《形象思维学》理论体系的创立提出许多开拓性的见解．并以科研系统工程的战略眼光组织有关研究人员合作攻关，为思维科学研究和《形象思维学》的创立做出了开拓性的重大贡献。     

领导部属交换认知结构的探索性研究

通过对15个部门或团队32位员工的开放式访谈、半开放式访谈,运用扎根理论方法对员工LMX认知的结构体系进行了探索性研究。结果表明:LMX认知的结构是一个多维的构思,包括:上司尊重、不公平对待、支持协助、圈内归属、回报义务五个维度;LMX认知的五个认知维度之间并不是完全独立的,彼此存在一定的联系;LMX认知的动力基础主要来自于上司和员工两个层面。     

Personality disorders and criminal responsibility in the Spanish supreme court

The aim of this study is to determine how personality disorders (PDs) are viewed in relation to criminal responsibility (CR) within the jurisprudence of the Spanish Supreme Court. All sentences with PD from 2000 to 2006 were included. The most frequently occurring PDs are cluster B and nonspecific disorders, alongside another Axis I disorder. The Spanish Supreme Court admitted appeals on 50%, and sentencing criteria were changed in 25% of the cases. The most frequent outcome was in the first instance a minor reduction in CR and second full CR being upheld. The borderline PD and the comorbidity between a PD and an Axis I disorder are the variables associated with the decrease in CR. The assessment of CR in PD should be undertaken using the diagnosis as a base taking into account other elements, such as the type of PD, its seriousness, comorbidity, and relationship with the criminal behavior on trial.     

Essential medicolegal death investigation services: standardization of a survey instrument based on the Essential Public Health Services

The National Academy of Sciences recommends that states assess the performance of medicolegal death investigation agencies. To aid in performance assessment, we adapted an instrument based on the CDC's 10 Essential Public Health Services by translating the terminology to that of essential medicolegal death investigation services. This produced a survey that could be used to standardize reporting practices and services of agencies. To validate the instrument, a stratified random sample of 12 death investigation chiefs in 12 states was interviewed. This sample represented both medical examiner and coroner jurisdictions within the varying medicolegal structures. A cognitive testing process elicited how well participants could respond to and interpret the survey questions. The response was favorable in that the respondents agreed that given specific revisions toward question clarification, the instrument would be a useful and relevant tool for assessing system performance.