Prevention for those who can pay: insurance reimbursement of genetic-based preventive interventions in the liminal state between health and disease

Clinical use of genetic testing to predict adult onset conditions allows individuals to minimize or circumvent disease when preventive medical interventions are available. Recent policy recommendations and changes expand patient access to information about asymptomatic genetic conditions and create mechanisms for expanded insurance coverage for genetic tests. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommends that laboratories provide incidental findings of medically actionable genetic variants after whole genome sequencing. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) established mechanisms to mandate coverage for genetic tests, such as BRCA. The ACA and ACMG, however, do not address insurance coverage for preventive interventions. These policies equate access to testing as access to prevention, without exploring the accessibility and affordability of interventions. In reality, insurance coverage for preventive interventions in asymptomatic adults is variable given the US health insurance system''s focus on treatment. Health disparities will be exacerbated if only privileged segments of society can access preventive interventions, such as prophylactic surgeries, screenings, or medication. To ensure equitable access to interventions, federal or state legislatures should mandate insurance coverage for both predictive genetic testing and recommended follow-up interventions included in a list established by an expert panel or regulatory body.     

Simulation Detection in Handwritten Documents by Forensic Document Examiners

This study documents the results of a controlled experiment designed to quantify the abilities of forensic document examiners (FDEs) and laypersons to detect simulations in handwritten documents. Nineteen professional FDEs and 26 laypersons (typical of a jury pool) were asked to inspect test packages that contained six (6) known handwritten documents written by the same person and two (2) questioned handwritten documents. Each questioned document was either written by the person who wrote the known documents, or written by a different person who tried to simulate the writing of the person who wrote the known document. The error rates of the FDEs were smaller than those of the laypersons when detecting simulations in the questioned documents. Among other findings, the FDEs never labeled a questioned document that was written by the same person who wrote the known documents as “simulation.” There was a significant statistical difference between the responses of the FDEs and layperson for documents without simulations.     

当代认知心理学新取向之比较

联结主义、建构主义和行为范式认知心理学是在符号主义认知心理学的基础上发展起来的认知心理学新取向,它们之间既存在着一定的联系和相同点,也有一定的差异.联结主义和行为范式认知心理学继承和发展科学主义心理学的基本原则,而建构主义认知心理学则汲取了后现代思想.三者在基本假设、方法论、研究目的、对象与内容方面各有侧重,但相互间也有共同之处.     

刑事物证中的“保管链”

保证物证检验质量的前提条件是保证物证的原始性和完整性。借鉴美国刑事物证保管制度，在我国法庭科学实验室认证工作中，可以将“物证保管链”作为科学管理物证行之有效的方法加以推广。     

半球认知风格：一种研究个体差异的新视角

半球认知风格模型认为存在一个普遍的认知风格维度,这个维度的一极是语词-分析认知风格,与大脑左半球的活动相关,另一极是图像-整体风格,与大脑右半球的活动相联系.半球认知风格建立在半球认知功能不对称的基础之上,同时又受到认知神经科学的挑战.认知心理学家对左右半球认知功能差异及其半球认知风格提出不同的理论假设.     

Must the Surgeon Take the Pill? Negligence Duty in the Context of Cognitive Enhancement

Recently, attention has turned to the possibility of enhancing human cognitive abilities via pharmacological interventions. Known as ‘cognitive enhancers’, these drugs can alter human mental capacities, and in some cases can effect significant improvements. One prime example is modafinil, a drug used to treat narcolepsy, which can help combat decreases in wakefulness and cognitive capacity that arise due to fatigue in otherwise healthy individuals. In this paper, we respond to calls in the philosophical and ethical literature that surgeons and other medical professionals should be morally obliged to take cognitively enhancing drugs. We examine whether surgeons who make fatigue‐related errors during patient care might be considered legally obliged to enhance themselves. We focus on liability for a failure to medicate, and conclude that it is highly unlikely that surgeons will be legally obliged to address their fatigue through the use of cognitive enhancing drugs.     

具身认知科学对传统认知科学的元理论突破

作为认知科学的一个新取向,具身认知科学对传统认知科学有很大的突破。其中在元理论上,突破第一代认知科学作为思想基础的身心二元论,取而代之的是身心一体论和身心辨证统一论;突破人是机器的基本论断,提出人是人,与动物和机器不同,具有机器和动物所不具有的意向性和具身性,能够提问,能够沉思他们存在的意义,能够批判地反省其生命的意义,以使其行为方式发生变革;突破语言学哲学尤其是其重要理论形态逻辑实证主义,以心智哲学为指导思想。正是元理论突破,使得具身认知科学建构了与传统认知科学不同的体系,在理论、方法论、研究领域和研究方法等诸多方面都有新的突破。     

最新缴获物质“神仙水”案件检验与讨论

目的研究新型缴获物质＂神仙水＂外观、成分及毒品含量。方法对12起案件中的85个＂神仙水＂毒品样品检验结果进行归纳总结。结果样品为淡黄色浑浊液的占94.1%;甲基苯丙胺、MDMA、氯胺酮的检出率分别为90.6%、37.6%、84.7%,毒品成分为两种以上的占96.5%;定量检验结果：甲基苯丙胺、MDMA、氯胺酮的含量分别为0.004%~1.2%,0.004%~2.9%,0.01%~3.4%。结论不同宗案件的＂神仙水＂样品外观、成分及毒品含量不同;同一宗案件的不同＂神仙水＂样品外观、成分及毒品含量也有可能不同。