加强公安警察队伍职业化建设方略

公安警察职业化是中国公安警察队伍建设与发展的必然趋势,更新公安警察队伍的管理思想,实现管理的制度化、规范化、人性化是公安警察队伍职业化建设的前提,完善职业认证、规范执法主体是实现公安警察队伍职业化的基础,规范考核标准、实行科学考评是实现公安警察队伍职业化的保证。     

对公安机关心理测试未来发展的思考

心理测试是基于某一案件,对被测人采用涉及案件的相关问题提问,或显示案件相关图片等刺激方式,对所诱发的生理反应参数,进行分析评价的过程。作为侦查犯罪的重要辅助工具,心理测试应该朝专业化标准化规范化方向发展,建立国家级的具有示范性的心理测试实验室,尽快引入并应用国际上脑科学研究的新方法,如事件相关脑电位(ERP)这种基于脑电的心理测试。只有这样,心理测试的结论才更加具有科学性,才能更好地向前发展。     

北京汉族群体9个STR位点的频率分布及法医学应用

提供北京汉族群体9个STR基因座的频率分布资料，了解其在法医学中的应用价值。应用PCR技术对9个STR基因座分3组进行复合扩增，经PAG电泳分离、银染，扫描仪扫描，计算机判读并保存结果，对北京地区汉族无关个体9个基因座的基因频率分布进行调查。结果显示，上述9个基因座的杂合度为0．6419～0．8092，多态性信息总量为0．9999，鉴别机率为0．9999，匹配机率为2．0×10-9和非父排除率为0．9985。STR3组9个基因座的综合检验可应用于法医学个体识别和亲子鉴定，并达到同一认定的标准。     

The Perils of Pregnancy Ferguson v. City of Charleston

The United States Supreme Court, in its decision Ferguson v. City of Charleston,ruled that to conduct drug tests on pregnant women in public hospitals and to share that information with the police without obtaining a search warrant amounted to a violation of the women's constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment. Set within the political context of public policy designed to monitor the activities of pregnant women and the ongoing incidence of prosecutions for ‘foetal abuse’,this note shows how the Supreme Court’s decision, while on the one hand vindicating the rights of pregnant women to be free from unlawful searches upon their person, does not definitively determine the important question of the extent to which the state may regulate women’s behaviour during pregnancy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

情节记忆的独特性对ERP测谎研究的启发

犯罪事件相关脑电位（fERP）测试（又称ERP测谎）作为一项犯罪记忆检测技术,与记忆研究的发展密切相关。记忆研究表明：左前额叶的激活主要与语义记忆的提取有关,而右前额叶的激活主要与情节记忆的提取有关。脑电地形图（BEAM）作为fERP测试指标在实践中具有可行性。ERP成分与BEAM的综合分析将在一定程度上降低测试结果的假阳性率,可以提高测试的准确性。     

Accidental Trauma Mimicking Homicidal Violence

Homicide investigations represent an important function of death investigators. Although recognizing nonobvious homicides is crucial, an equally important role involves the identification of cases that initially present as possible homicides, but are ultimately discovered to not represent homicides. Failure to recognize such cases results in wasted time, squandered resources, false allegations, and potential life‐altering consequences. The authors review a series of cases wherein initial investigation suggested a possibility that the deaths represented homicides. By carefully considering additional information, including scene findings, history, and postmortem examination, each was determined to represent an accidental traumatic death. In addition to highlighting the importance of recognizing accidental traumatic deaths that initially present as homicides, the cases serve to highlight the fact that forensic pathology cannot be practiced without knowledge of appropriate ancillary information. Although guarding against cognitive bias is important in all forensic disciplines, including forensic pathology, access to vital case‐related ancillary information is an essential component of practicing medicine as a forensic pathologist.     

Paternity investigation experience with a 40 autosomal SNP panel

With both the SNPforID and the Kidd panels of autosomal SNPs available, we selected the 40 most informative and population-independent SNPs from both these sets for evaluation in paternity testing and as a prelude for forensic human identification.We used the published primer sequences and constructed PCR multiplexes for genotyping using the SNaPshot assay. Fifty trios and 50 duos previously analysed using conventional autosomal STR markers were re-analysed using the 40 SNPs. We report our findings regarding the practical use of these markers including unexpected mutations which impacted significantly on the use of this panel.     

PowerPlex 16 HS: Internal validation of a new tool for genetic analysis of forensic and parentage testing

Forensic human identification requires powerful and efficient tools to obtain useful results in a minimum timeframe. In this study several forensic and parentage samples that could not be analyzed with others kits were studied using the recently available PowerPlex^® 16 HS kit (Promega). DNA was extracted using four different methods, depending upon the particular sample, and the PCR products were run on an ABI 3130XL Sequencer. The resultant DNA profiles were analyzed using Gene Mapper ID v 3.2 Analysis Software (ABI). Of 30 samples processed with the PowerPlex^® 16 HS system, genetic analysis was successful in 18 (60%). The results obtained show that the PowerPlex^® 16 HS is a valuable tool for forensic identification and parentage testing that is particularly useful for difficult samples that have not yielded adequate results with other methods.     

Effect of two types of control questions and two question formats on the outcomes of polygraph examinations

Abstract: Two major variations of polygraph “Control Question” testing, the Zone Comparison (ZoC) and the Modified General Question Test (MGQT) were evaluated. Within each, the type of control question, Exclusive or “time bar” (e.g., “Before you were 21, did you ever...”) and Nonexclusive or “no time bar”(e.g., “Did you ever….?”) was manipulated in a mock theft scenario, with 80 male and 40 female subjects randomly assigned to be either innocent or guilty. Polygraphic data collected by experienced field examiners were numerically scored by an evaluator blind to all aspects of the study. Decision accuracy was not related to the type of procedure (ZoC/MGQT) used or the subject’s sex. Accuracy was significantly related to the type of control question [χ²(2) = 11.46, p = 0.003; τc = 0.29]. Nonexclusive control questions produced greater accuracy than Exclusive control questions on both innocent and guilty subjects. These results and subjects’ self‐reports support the general “theory” on which control question (CQ) testing is based. The need for better empirical support of accepted dogma and current field practices is strongly indicated by these findings.     

Meta-analytically quantifying the reliability and biasability of forensic experts

Abstract:  In this paper we employ meta-analytic procedures and estimate effect sizes indexing the degree of reliability and biasability of forensic experts. The data are based on within-expert comparisons, whereby the same expert unknowingly makes judgments on the same data at different times. This allows us to take robust measurements and conduct analyses that compare variances within the same experts, and thus to carefully quantify the degree of consistency and objectivity that underlie expert performance and decision making. To achieve consistency, experts must be reliable, at least in the very basic sense that an expert makes the same decision when the same data are presented in the same circumstances, and thus be consistent with themselves. To achieve objectivity, experts must focus only on the data and ignore irrelevant information, and thus be unbiasable by extraneous context. The analyses show that experts are not totally reliable nor are they unbiasable. These findings are based on fingerprint experts decision making, but because this domain is so well established, they apply equally well (if not more) to all other less established forensic domains.