The Reliability of Pattern Classification in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis,Part 1: Bloodstain Patterns on Rigid Non‐absorbent Surfaces

This study was designed to produce the first baseline measure of reliability in bloodstain pattern classification. A panel of experienced bloodstain pattern analysts examined over 400 spatter patterns on three rigid non‐absorbent surfaces. The patterns varied in spatter type and extent. A case summary accompanied each pattern that either contained neutral information, information to suggest the correct pattern (i.e., was positively biasing), or information to suggest an incorrect pattern (i.e., was negatively biasing). Across the variables under examination, 13% of classifications were erroneous. Generally speaking, where the pattern was more difficult to recognize (e.g., limited staining extent or a patterned substrate), analysts became more conservative in their judgment, opting to be inconclusive. Incorrect classifications increased as a function of the negatively biasing contextual information. The implications of the findings for practice are discussed.     

Communication in family court: financial remedy proceedings from the perspective of litigants in person

The article presents a rationale for communicative, conceptual, cognitive and procedural challenges experienced by litigants in person in financial remedy proceedings. The article also explores oscillation between written and spoken legal genres and narrative development strategies which litigants in person have to use throughout different stages (from the early stages of starting proceedings, filling in court forms and providing documentation, through the negotiation process to interaction in court). While legal professionals express themselves in paradigmatic legal mode influenced by legal acts and legislation, litigants in person tend to express themselves in narrative mode similar to everyday storytelling. The objective is to investigate obstacles litigants in person experience during the process originally designed by legal professionals for legal professionals. The article evaluates different options for empowering lay people involved in legal proceedings and argues for the need to provide more specific support for different stages of family proceedings.     

母血浆中胎儿游离核酸与无创性产前亲子鉴定

近年来,涉及胎儿亲权鉴定的案例逐渐增多。传统胎儿产前亲权鉴定常需有创性取样,故存在一定的风险。母血浆中胎儿游离核酸的发现,给无创性产前亲权鉴定带来了新的契机。本文主要就母血浆中胎儿游离核酸及其在无创性产前亲权鉴定中的应用价值和前景进行简要介绍。     

39个STR基因座在二联体亲子鉴定突变案例中的应用

目的探讨39个常染色体STR基因座在二联体亲子鉴定突变案例中的应用价值。方法提取全血基因组,采用AGCU Expressmarker 22荧光检测试剂盒进行二联体亲子鉴定,若出现1~2个矛盾基因座,则加做AGCU 21+1 STR荧光检测试剂盒,计算累计父权指数(CPI)值,根据亲子鉴定判断标准判定结果。结果共检测502例二联体亲子鉴定案例,其中排除亲权关系17例,485例不排除亲权关系,10例出现单基因座不符合。加做AGCU 21+1后除1例出现一个新的STR基因座不符合,其他均符合遗传规律,且CPI≥10 000。结论 39个STR基因座的联合应用能够有效解决二联体亲子鉴定中的大部分突变案例。     

单亲案亲权鉴定结果判定策略

目的探讨用STR基因座进行单亲鉴定出现矛盾基因座时下结论的策略。方法根据基因频率和遗传规律,推导单亲案亲权鉴定时的非父排除率。根据平均单亲非父排除率和平均突变率,用二项分布公式分别计算出现不同数目矛盾基因座时真父和假父的概率和似然率(亲权指数)。结果对STR共显性基因座,其单亲非父排除率的计算公式为:PEM=∑i=n1pi2(1-pi)2 ∑i相似文献   

再议“合一论”与“复合罪过说”

德国关于间接故意与有认识过失的合一论的主张与我国学者所提出的复合罪过的概念各有特定含义,“合一论”的罪过形式的出现有其特定的类型划分和观念为前提。复合罪过现象的原始含义不同于合一论。应该结合我国《刑法》分则的具体罪名来进行真正复合罪过形式的研究。     

针刺督脉组穴治疗血管性认知障碍临床观察

目的 观察针刺督脉组穴治疗血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment,VCI）的临床疗效。方法 将51例VCI患者随机分为针刺组（25例）和药物组（26）例,针刺组采用针刺督脉穴位神庭、百会、风府、大椎进行治疗,药物组采用口服多奈哌齐进行治疗。观察并比较治疗前后患者血清血红蛋白（hemoglobin, Hgb）水平及中医证候量表、MMSE量表、Hachinski量表、额叶功能评定量表（frontal assessment battery, FAB）评分。结果 两组治疗前Hgb水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05）。两组治疗后Hgb水平均较治疗前显著升高（P＜0.05）,且针刺组升高值显著大于药物组（P＜0.05）。两组治疗前中医证候评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组治疗后中医证候评分均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）,且针刺组降低值显著大于药物组（P＜0.05）。两组治疗前MMSE、Hachinski、FAB评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后MMSE、FAB评分均显著增加(P＜0.05),且针刺组增加值显著大于药物组（P＜0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后Hachinski评分显著降低（P＜0.05）,且针刺组降低值显著大于药物组（P＜0.05）。两组疗效分布比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,针刺组疗效优于药物组。结论 针刺督脉组穴可改善VCI患者认知能力,且疗效优于多奈哌齐。     

通督调神针法对轻度认知障碍患者注意网络功能的影响

目的 探讨通督调神针法对轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）患者注意网络功能的影响。方法 将60例MCI患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例。对照组接受常规针刺治疗,治疗组接受通督调神针刺疗法,疗程均为8周。治疗前后分别进行注意网络功能检查。结果 两组患者治疗后警觉效率和正确率均较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）,两组治疗后执行控制效率和总反应时均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,治疗组警觉效率、执行控制效率、总反应时和正确率的治疗前后差值均显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 通督调神针法可一定程度恢复MCI患者的认知功能,其疗效优于常规针刺疗法。     

Feigning Hand Preference? A Case Report Preliminary Data

Hand preference may be crucial in the forensic domain, notably in cases where the assailant is known to be left‐handed and the defendant claims to be right‐handed (or vice versa). In such cases, forensic psychologists or physicians may be asked to test the hand preference of the defendant. However, hand preference may be faked. The case described here illustrates this problem and addresses potential solutions. We also present preliminary data showing that a standard instrument for measuring handedness is sensitive to feigning. We conclude that when hand preference is determined, multiple sources of information should be assessed in order to identify possible feigning.     

Investigating the resolution of ancestry testing in geographic regions characterized by high population admixture

Ancestry testing can provide valuable information in forensic applications, but its efficiency has not yet been properly evaluated when used in highly admixed populations. In this work we tested a commercial ancestry panel containing 165 autosomal SNPs in 30 Dubai residents. Most of the tested individuals displayed, as expected, an admixed profile, but in general the main inferred ancestry was of Southwest Asian extraction, testifying that these tests can provide useful complementary forensic information.