我国《物权法》登记对抗与登记生效模式并存思考

作为公示的一种重要方式,登记规则在物权法尤其是在不动产物权变动中有着相当重要的分量。我国在物权变动登记规则的问题上实际上采取了登记对抗模式与登记生效模式并存的做法,但其立法理由经不起推敲。登记对抗模式与登记生效模式共存的问题在本质上是物权变动的意思主义和形式主义共存的问题。而登记对抗模式及其背后所反映的意思主义物权变动模式与物债二分的五编制民法体系不相协调。未来立法终将并且必须贯彻登记生效模式以与现有物债二分的民法体系相协调。     

The community corrections perspective toward sex offender management policies and collateral consequences: does contact with sex offenders matter?

Since the 1990s, numerous policies have been enacted aimed at managing sex offenders in the community. Two of the most prominent management policies are registries for sex offenders and residence restrictions. Community corrections professionals are tasked with enforcing these policies and yet little is known about their perceptions toward sex offenders and the policies in place to manage them. Prior research has suggested that contact with sex offenders may place a significant role in shaping the attitudes of community corrections professionals toward sex offender management policies and collateral consequences. The current study investigates the effect of contact with sex offenders on the perceptions of community corrections professionals (n = 209) toward sex offender management policies and collateral consequences faced by sex offenders. Findings suggest that contact with sex offenders does not influence the attitudes of community corrections professionals, but several other significant factors were revealed including parental status, political orientation, race, tenure, sex, and age.     

买卖合同的成立及其认定

合同的成立要件应当包括当事人、标的和合意,标的的数量和质量均为将标的特定化的因素,而非独立于标的的要件。《法释(2012)8号》对当事人提供送货单、收货单、结算单、发票以证明买卖合同已经成立的规定,笔者基本赞同,但主张类型化和区分签收人的身份而定;对对账确认函、债权确认书等函件、凭证的证据效力的认定,笔者表示赞同。意向书、备忘录依当事人的意思可有本约、预约和无积极的法律约束力的文件三种类型,《法释(2012)8号》仅仅注意到一种,因而合同编不应一刀切地吸收该种解释,而应视意思表示的具体情形而定。本约生效后相应的预约应该功成身退。违反预约的责任在绝大多数情况下不同于违反本约的责任,但鉴于确定违反预约的损害赔偿的数额特别难以确定,在个别场合可比照违反本约的赔偿范围确定违反预约的赔偿数额。当事人不履行预约项下的义务,在某些情况下可直接判决本约成立,在多数情况下只能判决损害赔偿。     

THE KOLMAR V. SUTEX CASE ON RECIPROCITY IN FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ENFORCEMENT IN CHINA: A WELCOME DEVELOPMENT OR STILL ON THE WRONG TRACK?

In December 2016, the Nanjing Intermediate People’s Court in China issued its ruling in the Kolmar v. Sutex case, where a monetary judgment from Singapore was recognized and enforced against a local textile company. The case confirms that once a foreign country has taken the initiative, Chinese courts will follow up to enforce judgments from that country reciprocally. This is the doctrine of de facto reciprocity adopted by some Chinese courts. The paper surveys the judicial practice of Chinese courts and finds that this area of law is full of confusion and uncertainties due to the lack of applicable rules. Recent developments suggest that China may move away from this approach and adopt a relaxed version of reciprocity, which is worthy of close attention.     

中国债法的现状与未来

中国债法必须完善,应当制定债法典或民法典中的债编.侵权责任法具有债法所需要的品格,应纳入债法典之中.在未来的民法典采取将合同法、侵权责任法并列设编的体系下,应当设置债法总则.中国现行债法的众多制度及规范均应完善,明确构成要件和法律效果,不宜仅有禁止性规定而无相应的法律后果.     

评析《公司法》第72条——从股东同意权、优先购买权和异议股东购买义务关系的角度

近《公司法》第72条对有限责任公司股权的对外转让做出了规定,设计了股东同意权、优先购买权和异议股东购买义务3项制度,但是这3项制度之间存在功能的重叠。比较其他国家和地区的立法,或对股权对外转让采取自由主义原则,或只规定3项制度的1种或者2种。有必要对《公司法》第72条进行修改,单独规定股东优先购买权是比较好的方案。     

Collateral times

Abstract

Today’s financial system essentially relies on the pledge of collateral. A closer look at this uniquely cross-disciplinary instrument not only reveals a remarkable absence in the modern disciplines but also a close relationship with money. This connection is brought into theoretical perspective by analysing the role of pledge in three historical configurations. In ancient Greece, symbola and horoi stones emerge as two distinct devices to secure contract that become entwined in seventeenth–eighteenth century pledge-theories of money as witness and object of exchange. Together these throw new light on the contemporary form of shadow money as a distinct marriage of security and safety.     

行政主体的义务范畴研究

行政主体的义务范畴是一个非常重要的行政法学理论问题,在现代法治政府之下政府行政系统的责任越来越突出,“责任政府”概念也成了政治学、行政法以及行政法学解释相关问题的基本概念。在责任政府这一现代理论的指导下,行政主体对公民、社会、国家承担义务就自然而然地成了行政法治以及行政法理论的核心问题,与之相对应,行政主体义务的基本范畴就成了近年来各国行政法学关注的热点问题。行政主体应具有推行宪法和法律,接受立法和司法监督,改善社会环境和促进社会发展,使国内事务与国际事务接轨等宪法义务;具有为行政相对人提供利益和保护,为行政行为说明理由和承担赔偿责任等行政法义务。     

承运人责任基础的新构建——评《鹿特丹规则》下承运人责任基础条款

《鹿特丹规则》有关承运人责任基础的规定,从性质上说,应当属于《汉堡规则》的完全过错责任制,从举证责任的分配分析,更接近于《海牙规则》,从结构的特点看,《鹿特丹规则》用举证责任的归属贯穿责任基础始终。其基本构成是:管货义务、除外风险和适航义务实行不同的举证责任分配,达到三个推定的目的,既体现过错责任制度,又平衡了船货双方的利益。     

论我国公民的免于匮乏权

美国前总统富兰克林.罗斯福面对经济危机提出了包括公民应该享有"免于匮乏的自由"的著名四大自由。我国的法学理论中虽然没有这一概念,但宪法中关于"国家合理安排积累和消费,兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益,在发展生产的基础上,逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活"的规定,实质上就是关于公民免于匮乏权的表述。本文从现代国家的职责、国家权利(义务)与公民权利(义务)关系的角度论述了保障公民免于匮乏权是国家的法律义务,不能将此任推给公民家庭及个人,并通过对我国实践的剖析,提出应当避免过度从政策层面、经济层面及公民个人努力层面对公民进行免于匮乏权保障的路径选择,而应靠国家义务性、实践路径上的法律制度性来实现。