国际经济法的价值追寻与价值选择

对国际经济法的研究绝不应当只是对规范进行解释 ,而应当深入涉及价值的问题。根据法的价值理论 ,国际经济法作为协调国家间利益和国家对跨国经济行为进行管理调控的法 ,其价值系统应当包含 :第一 ,对法的一般价值促进和实现 ,如公平 (国家之间的公平和国内、国际市场的公平竞争 )、秩序 (通过各种法律制定和法律运行手段保证稳定、健康的国际市场秩序 )、效益 (通过其内在的理性促进国际经济效益 )、自由 (继续确立自由的国际市场引领国际经济自由交往 )。第二 ,国际经济法追求自身的价值 ,远期的终极价值是人民的幸福生活 (通过经济法律手段达到社会的可持续发展 ) ,近期的价值目标为国际经济新秩序 (不同发展程度国家之间的协调、共同发展 )。     

无限防卫之界定及其立法化缘由

我国新刑法第20条第3款所规定的无限防卫,其实质是一种相对的无限防卫,即指有一定条件限制而没有防卫限度限制的正当防卫。无限防卫在我国新刑法中的立法化,有其固有的必然性和合理性:无限防卫之立法化有其人类学的根据,是社会需要的凸现,体现了社会功利优先、兼顾个体公平的价值取向。     

Framing and reframing R2P—a responsibility to protect humanity from evil

ABSTRACT

This article takes issue with de-politicised and moralistic conceptions of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and, inspired by the political theory of Hannah Arendt, develops a ‘re-politicised’ and ‘de-moralised’ account of R2P. It argues that by relying on a link between a moral responsibility to ‘save strangers’ and practical political action, R2P turns a blind eye to the political interest of powerful actors. And by trying to transform R2P into a ‘blueprint’, ‘roadmap’ or ‘emergency plan’ for political action, many commentators try to render obsolete political deliberation and practical judgement on a case-by-case basis. The present article argues that it is necessary to develop a more realistic view of R2P’s role and potential in world politics. R2P, it is argued, has an important discursive function and considerable potential to influence and guide international decision-making processes. Drawing on Arendt’s conception of ‘evil’ as a crime against humanity itself, this article reframes R2P as a ‘responsibility to protect humanity from evil’. An Arendtian understanding of mass atrocities as crimes against our common humanity (i.e. as evils) facilitates the development of a re-politicised and de-moralised account of R2P: This account recognises its discursive role, it actively seeks to generate political interest for action in the face of harrowing mass atrocities but also acts as a leash on intervention in less severe cases.

Abbreviation R2P: Responsibility to Protect; UN: United Nations; NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; ICISS: International Committee on Intervention and State Sovereignty     

Business interests in salmon aquaculture certification: Competition or collective action?

Research recognizes that strategic business interests can provide an important driver of private regulation, even in the absence of significant societal pressure and non‐governmental organization‐constructed demand. This article examines a range of competition and collective action‐related interests that can motivate firms to promote and adopt certification schemes. We pay particular attention to the hitherto underexplored collective action interest to safeguard common‐pool resources, upon which an industry may depend to sustain yields. Based on a case study of salmon aquaculture certification, the article argues that while the corporate motives repertoire includes strengthening competitiveness and industry reputation, safeguarding shared waters for culturing salmon is key to explaining industry commitment to and adoption of private regulation in this sector.     

社会保障普通法权利初探

社会保障普通法权利是指宪法以外的其他普通法所规范的具体的社会保障权.从世界社会保障立法的历史溯源来看,社会保障普通法权利的种类趋于全面、综合,覆盖范围逐渐扩展到全体社会成员.社会保障普通法权利具有自身的特征与规范效力,因此,有必要加强和完善社会保障普通法的制度建设.然而,我国社会保障普通法权利在法律渊源、权利范围、资金来源、规范效力等方面存在着城乡不公,确立社会保障普通法权利制度的城乡一体化目标与方向将是我国构建和谐社会,发挥社会保障民生保障作用的必然要求.