航空器上法律事实与行为法律适用问题比较研究

航空法是一个复杂的法律部门,既包括公法又包括私法,既包括国际法又包括国内法.航空器高速飞行和跨界运输的特点,加之各国航空运输领域民事责任立法之间的歧异,不免引发国际航空运输有关法律关系的法律冲突.华沙公约体系也只是在有限的范围内仅仅调整航空运输责任,大量案件的处理需要由冲突规范指引.受海商法的影响,航空法中的国旗国法原则逐渐被各国实践及公约所接受,但是,与船舶主要航行在无主权存在的海域航行不同,飞机主要在主权国家的上空,所以航空器上的事实与行为能在多大范围内适用国旗国法原则是一个亟待解决的问题.主要从国际私法层面对航空器上发生的事实与行为的法律适用规则中的国旗国法原则及例外作初步探讨.     

空战规则的新进展及其问题

由美国哈佛大学研究院发起和主持的《空战和导弹战手册》起草活动,初步形成了一个《手册》草案,并征求了20多个国家和国际组织的意见。从武装冲突法的角度来看,《手册》草案无论在整体结构、适用范围、具体概念界定和实施机制上,还存在一些缺憾和问题,而在起草委员会继续修订完善《手册》草案的同时,我们应该适时关注该项工作的进展,并做好军队的相关准备工作。     

Fatal paradoxical air embolism diagnosed by postmortem imaging and autopsy

The recognition and visualization of an arterial gas embolism are difficult. We report a case of sudden death caused by paradoxical air embolism of coronary and cerebral arteries, diagnosed by the pre autopsy computed tomography (CT) scanning. A 54-year-old woman suddenly died after the self-removal of the jugular vein catheter. Postmortem imaging examination using CT scanning showed multiple gas embolisms in the cerebral arteries, pulmonary artery, right atrium and ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, and coronary arteries. These findings suggested that the occurrence of acute ischemia of the brain and heart caused by massive air inflow to the artery. Conventional autopsy revealed a patent foramen ovale of the heart. These results indicated that the patient died of paradoxical air embolization of the coronary and cerebral arteries through a patent foramen ovale because of right-to-left shunting. The use of postmortem imaging as an aid for conventional autopsy has proved to be of advantage in the case of gas embolism.     

CHANGE AND DISCONTINUITY: WAR AND AFGHANISTAN, 1904–1924

In the imaginations of many, war in British India had its focus on the North-West Frontier and was fought against the tribes of that region. However, British thinking about Indian defence involving Afghanistan underwent tremendous change over the period under consideration. British plans to meet a Russian invasion on the Kabul-Kandahar Line in 1904 resembled those of any other Nineteenth Century Imperial campaign, with numbers of infantry and cavalry still being thought of and referred to as bayonets and sabres. Twenty years later, heavily influenced by the experiences of the Great War in the region and the Third Afghan War and associated operations, the calculus was different with logistics changed by motor vehicles and the introduction of what today are referred to as force multipliers, such as aeroplanes and machine guns. It was over this period that warfare as fought and conceptualised by men like Napoleon gave way to modern practices familiar to us today.     

论航空运输中对旅客的损害赔偿责任

航空旅客运输有国际国内之分,在法律适用上有所差异;国际航空运输中主要适用华沙体系和1999年《蒙特利尔公约》,国内航空运输则适用各国国内法的规定。从国际航空公约和我国航空法对旅客损害赔偿责任体系的比较看,二者对旅客损害赔偿责任期间、损害构成、赔偿主体等规定模糊,我国航空法对旅客损害赔偿的归责原则规定的比较单一,赔偿标准较低。我国应当结合国际航空条约中的有益规定和国内相关法律中的规定对航空法进行修订,这是健全和完善我国航空法体系的必由之路。     

大气污染政府间协同治理组织的结构要素与网络特征

大气污染具有扩散性和不确定性,需要多个部门、多个地区的协调配合。建立有效的协同治理组织成为地方政府大气污染治理的重要工作,并已经形成了多种类型的组织。这一背景下,如何有效识别这些组织的特征是区域治理研究的重要议题。协同组织是通过不同行政隶属关系的正式机构连接而成,具有网络特征的倾向,故以Provan提出的共享型(SG)、领导型(NLO)和行政型(NAO)三种网络治理模式为理论基础,结合Ansell合作治理框架提出识别大气污染协同治理组织结构的模型,并以我国实际组织案例进行验证分析。研究发现,大气污染协同治理组织并非与三种网络治理模式完全对应,故分为联席类、牵头类和支持类三种组织。联席类组织适合于合作基础较好的关联区域,对应具有联合性质的组织;牵头类组织适合于范围中等且成员异质性高的关联区域,对应具有领导、指挥和协调性质的组织;支持类组织适合于规模较大且稳定性要求较高的关联区域,对应具有成员多元化或领导性质的组织。     

地源热泵技术——一种节能环保的新型中央空调系统

介绍了地源热泵中央空调系统,着重说明它的节能与环保性,指出了地源热泵技术应用中应注意的问题,并结合工程实例加以阐述.