论国际航空运输电子合同的法律适用

国际航空运输协会(IATA)为了在全球范围内统一行业运营标准,要求其成员国的航空公司2007年年底之前在旅客运输业务方面全面采用电子机票,实现整个流程的无纸化.我国作为成员国,按照协会的要求逐渐在国内和国际航线上普及了电子机票,随之也带来了很多法律上的问题.尤其在国际航空旅客运输过程中,由于跨越不同的法域,不可避免地会引起国家或地区间的法律冲突;所以随着国际航空电子机票的全面使用,相关的法律适用问题应该引起我们足够的重视.对此,我们应该参照国际公约的规定对我国的相关法律进行修改,明确规定国际航空运输电子合同诸要素的法律适用,并在现有的基础上确立更加科学的管辖权制度.     

Fatal paradoxical air embolism diagnosed by postmortem imaging and autopsy

The recognition and visualization of an arterial gas embolism are difficult. We report a case of sudden death caused by paradoxical air embolism of coronary and cerebral arteries, diagnosed by the pre autopsy computed tomography (CT) scanning. A 54-year-old woman suddenly died after the self-removal of the jugular vein catheter. Postmortem imaging examination using CT scanning showed multiple gas embolisms in the cerebral arteries, pulmonary artery, right atrium and ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, and coronary arteries. These findings suggested that the occurrence of acute ischemia of the brain and heart caused by massive air inflow to the artery. Conventional autopsy revealed a patent foramen ovale of the heart. These results indicated that the patient died of paradoxical air embolization of the coronary and cerebral arteries through a patent foramen ovale because of right-to-left shunting. The use of postmortem imaging as an aid for conventional autopsy has proved to be of advantage in the case of gas embolism.     

Regulatory policy outputs and impacts: Exploring a complex relationship

In this article, we pursue the objective of empirically testing the extent to which changes in environmental policy outputs can explain changes in environmental impacts. Previously, systematic testing of this relationship was hampered by the lack of a compelling measurement of changes in regulatory policy outputs. To remedy this, we present a novel approach to the measurement of events of regulatory output change. We illustrate our concept by employing data on changes in clean air regulations in 24 advanced democracies from 1976 to 2003. In a next step, we explore the extent to which changes in clean air regulations can account for changes in air pollutant emissions. The empirical analysis suggests that changes in clean air regulations cannot be unconditionally associated with changing intensities of air pollutant emission. We deem these results to have far‐reaching implications for the study of regulatory policy change.     

CHANGE AND DISCONTINUITY: WAR AND AFGHANISTAN, 1904–1924

In the imaginations of many, war in British India had its focus on the North-West Frontier and was fought against the tribes of that region. However, British thinking about Indian defence involving Afghanistan underwent tremendous change over the period under consideration. British plans to meet a Russian invasion on the Kabul-Kandahar Line in 1904 resembled those of any other Nineteenth Century Imperial campaign, with numbers of infantry and cavalry still being thought of and referred to as bayonets and sabres. Twenty years later, heavily influenced by the experiences of the Great War in the region and the Third Afghan War and associated operations, the calculus was different with logistics changed by motor vehicles and the introduction of what today are referred to as force multipliers, such as aeroplanes and machine guns. It was over this period that warfare as fought and conceptualised by men like Napoleon gave way to modern practices familiar to us today.     

对我国出境旅客空难赔偿机制的思考——以“MH370”赔偿为线索

在出境旅游人数不断增长的同时,旅游空难事故也时有发生。在思考如何协调空难赔偿问题中的法律冲突,赔偿标准的确定,责任划分,保险类别和赔偿金额的确定,责任人能力承担等问题后,大致模拟出"MH370"航班上中国旅客的赔偿方案,我国应通过加入精神赔偿责任、加强国际司法协作、增加国家救助、加强国际合作、完善国际救援机制等方式来完善我国的出境旅客空难赔偿机制。     

大气污染政府间协同治理组织的结构要素与网络特征

大气污染具有扩散性和不确定性,需要多个部门、多个地区的协调配合。建立有效的协同治理组织成为地方政府大气污染治理的重要工作,并已经形成了多种类型的组织。这一背景下,如何有效识别这些组织的特征是区域治理研究的重要议题。协同组织是通过不同行政隶属关系的正式机构连接而成,具有网络特征的倾向,故以Provan提出的共享型(SG)、领导型(NLO)和行政型(NAO)三种网络治理模式为理论基础,结合Ansell合作治理框架提出识别大气污染协同治理组织结构的模型,并以我国实际组织案例进行验证分析。研究发现,大气污染协同治理组织并非与三种网络治理模式完全对应,故分为联席类、牵头类和支持类三种组织。联席类组织适合于合作基础较好的关联区域,对应具有联合性质的组织;牵头类组织适合于范围中等且成员异质性高的关联区域,对应具有领导、指挥和协调性质的组织;支持类组织适合于规模较大且稳定性要求较高的关联区域,对应具有成员多元化或领导性质的组织。     

北京市大气能见度初步研究

大气能见度在一定程度上反映了环境污染的程度 ,文中在大量测试数据和分析研究的基础上对北京市大气能见度的现状、分布特征及影响因素进行了简要的论述。     

地源热泵技术——一种节能环保的新型中央空调系统

介绍了地源热泵中央空调系统,着重说明它的节能与环保性,指出了地源热泵技术应用中应注意的问题,并结合工程实例加以阐述.     

论现代国际航空法的自由化趋势

自由化既是应然国际航空法的一种理念和价值取向,又越来越多地体现在实在国际航空法之中。具体而言,1944年《芝加哥公约》建立的双边法律体制实质上是一种贸易保护主义,从美英《百慕大协定》到美国自由式协定都增进了自由化内容,2007年美欧协议和中美协议体现了全面的自由化;从区域层面来看,欧盟与亚太地区航空法都展示了自由化势头;国际多边自由化仅在有限范围内得到发展,但航空联盟在实践中发展了多边自由化,ICAO也对多边自由化做出了重要贡献;WTO多边法律体制也开始调整航空运输,虽然目前的调整范围十分狭窄,但贸易评审机制保障了WTO航空立法自由化的向前发展。     

深圳“5.8“空难事故的法医学鉴定

报道了1997年5月8日深圳黄田机场发生的重庆至深圳B－2928号客机降落时撞击地面起大爆炸,造成35人死亡和37人受伤的空难事故,对遇难者的死亡时间、损伤情况、死亡原因、事故原因和个人识别进行了分析,并对处理类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。