略论皮尔士符号学理论对语言研究的影响

皮尔士符号学理论对语言研究的影响主要体现在以下几个方面:将自然语言所具有的交际特性的理解扩展到共时和历时两个侧面;乔姆斯基有关语言习得是一种先天能力的观点与皮尔士的外推(abduction)本能学说具有理论上的关联;语言不仅是一种典型或最重要的符号系统,而且是各类符号体系中的一种,其间不仅在外部形态上有别,而且在深层结构上可以相互转译;皮尔士对于符号所作的交叉分类,也即同一符号具有多重特征,对于语言研究的重要课题——指称词(deixis)的探索具有很高的启发价值。皮尔士所提出的一些重要符号学术语等推动了语义学、语用学等的发展。     

俄罗斯语言学不同流派对"篇章"概念的阐释

篇章是一个多方面的、不同层次的语言现象。"篇章"概念的形成是以心理语言学理论、语言学理论、语用学理论为基础的。心理语言学认为"篇章"是基本的交际单位、由交际需求决定的言语产物。心理语言学主要研究篇章生成和理解机制及模式。语言学把篇章阐释为一个复杂的,按层次组织的许多微观篇章,其基本特征是连贯性、完整性。语言语用学是研究交际行为的外部条件对语句结构和言语生成各个阶段的影响。把语用学引入到语言学中使研究者更深入地研究功能语体的划分,言语的功能意义类型、篇章的情态意义等。     

语言思想:语言学研究的一个新领域

经过语言人类学家的梳理,“语言思想”已经逐步形成了语言学研究的一个新兴领域,吸引着越来越多学者的研究兴趣:重新确定语言学的研究对象,改变几十年来主导语言学界的语言思想,重新审视一些核心观念并构筑新的理论框架。对于语言思想的研究也应脱离同质性的文化模式,并把它作为一种社会过程,挖掘在这种过程中存在于同一语言社区的不同理念及差异、在特定的社会历史条件下是如何经过相互竞争而形成或改造的原因。     

从语言学角度分析讯问言语及预设的运用

讯问语言属于应用语言学中言语交际学研究的对象,是一种特殊的言语交际活动。它与其他言语交际有共同的一面,但更重要的是有其特殊性的一面。讯问特殊的交际环境,使讯问言语具有其不同于其他言语的交际原则。通过语言学的角度分析讯问中言语的应用,寻找科学有效的言语表达方式对于侦查实践是非常有益的。     

利用网络言语特征刻画犯罪嫌疑人基本方法研究

随着网络语言广泛普及使用,犯罪言语呈现出网络言语独有特点。本文研究犯罪中的网络言语现象,揭示其个性化、形象化、口语化、符号化等特征,从语言学及鉴定学层面分析网络言语识别的可行性,并总结利用网络言语特征刻画犯罪嫌疑人性别、年龄、职业、民族、文化程度、心理的技术方法。     

Context from a social semiotic perspective: a discourse analytical study of the children TV show,Bubble Guppies

In mainstream linguistics, context is either entirely ignored or dominantly viewed as an objective property of the external world. For instance, in sociolinguistics or pragmatics, scholars frequently attempt to learn about the meaning of words or sentences given certain social context. The social semiotic method presented in this paper challenges the objectivity of context and explores the dynamic between content and context from the perspective of Peircian semiotics. An episode of a children animations series, Bubble Guppies, where human-like mermaids learn about the mysteries of ancient Egypt, is used as a point of departure to show that content and context recursively co-construct with viewers’ participation. For instance, while there is little physical similarity between where the Guppies meet in the show’s story and a typical classroom, the context of a classroom is clearly established through the way the Guppies interact with each other and with objects they encounter. Additionally, the results indicate that learning is an important product of such context-construction, as TV viewers must constantly elaborate on events and link interactions that are perceived not as objects but as signs entangled in a growing web of symbolic system.     

司法制度中的几个法律语言学问题

法律语言学就是将语言学应用于法律问题的学科,司法制度中与语言学相关问题:语言与法律的关系、法律诉讼中语言学家的介入、语言学家与律师的关系、陪审团指令的理解、语言学家作为专家证人出庭等方面应该引起关注。     

Application of Volume‐of‐Fluid Method to Analyze the Viscosity Effect on the Spine Formation of Bloodstains

In bloodstain pattern analysis, the blood droplet volume and surface impact velocity play an important role, and many related experimental studies have been carried out. If an appropriate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that could solve bloodstain patterns, especially spine formation bloodstain patterns, can be obtained, the blood droplet volume and impact speeds at various crime scenes can be predicted more accurately. For this purpose, Flow‐3D software using the volume‐of‐fluid method was applied to analyze the behavior of human blood droplets during an impact event, especially focusing on the viscous effect on splashing, which forms the spine which can be used to predict the impact velocity. To obtain a non‐Newtonian viscosity model of blood for a computational fluid dynamic analysis, the venous blood samples of 163 people were tested using a hemorheology instrument. Among the venous blood samples of 163 people, 37 samples for which all blood test results were in a normal range were selected for the non‐Newtonian viscosity modeling. From the CFD analysis, it could be concluded that a non‐Newtonian viscosity model is more appropriate than a constant viscosity model for predicting splashing that forms the spine. The gradient of the non‐Newtonian model at a high shear rate has more of an effect on spine formation than that at a low shear rate. The lowest viscosity with a high velocity at the outer front of the radiating flow plays an important role in forming the splashing pattern.     

Analysing characters' interactions in filmic text: a functional semiotic approach

This paper presents an analytical tool for constructing characters' action patterns in film. Understanding characters in moving images has been regarded as one of the most significant elements of narrative comprehension and interpretation because spectators' inferences of narrative structures are substantially mediated by characters. The social semiotic method presented in this paper shows how characters' actions and interactions can be systematically constructed based on the co-patterning of textual elements in film and how the patterns provide an analytical foundation for understanding and interpreting characters. In addition, this paper also reviews the previous explorations of the more fine-grained approaches to character analysis and then demonstrates how the method the paper suggests can support and strengthen the accounts provided to date. Most importantly, by comparing scenes within and across two war films, The Thin Red Line (1998) and Black Hawk Down (2001), the article will show the potential of this method for effectively constraining hypotheses for empirical investigations of filmic meaning.     

The cultural labor of surveillance: video forensics,computational objectivity,and the production of visual evidence

This essay argues that the status of video evidence as an index of real events—a sign or representation that offers a direct, empirical connection to material reality—is the result of an intentional process of production. This process involves the repurposing of new technologies borrowed from the domain of creative media production in order to transform a chaotic field of raw surveillance video into useable evidence. In addition to the exchange in technologies, an unavoidable epistemological and interpretive exchange takes place between evidentiary uses of surveillance video on the one hand, and the now prevalent forms of surveillant narration found in both fictional and reality-based storytelling. But despite this exchange in meanings and technical systems, considerable effort has gone in to establish formal standards for the evidentiary uses of surveillance video that distinguish the discovery of video evidence from the production of creative content. Building on Daston and Gallison's historical study of the prevailing “epistemic virtues” that have defined objectivity over time, I argue that what we see emerging in the field of forensic video analysis, as a means of establishing its scientific and legal status, is a commitment to a new epistemic virtue of “computational objectivity.”