言语识别技术发展的制约因素和破解途径

言语识别技术从产生至今已经得到了长足的发展。但是从当前言语识别技术本身及从事言语识别技术的人员来看,言语识别技术的发展和运用未能跟上信息化社会和司法实践的迫切需求。应更为深入而成熟地拓展和运用言语识别技术,以期解决影响和制约言语识别技术发展的相关因素。     

Terrorism and the media

The linguistic turn in political science is an important step toward more sophisticated political knowledge. Greater awareness of political language implies attention to words such as reason. Reason is central to modern political discourse because of its historical and cultural importance and because of the contemporary dominance of the rational choice paradigm. Reason the concept therefore justifies closer scrutiny of reason the word. The meaning of reason is constructed as a variable. Standing by itself, reason seems relatively shapeless and empty; dictionary definitions are circular and tautological, although some subtle nuances derive from the network of reason's root words. Most of the variance in the meaning of reason is determined by other words that surround it, with a significant portion of reason's meaning being defined by its context. Anterior meaning shifters, nominal referents, spatiotemporal modifiers, and textual narrative all surround reason and fix it in a large lattice. The meaning of reason in use varies continuously. From this perspective, it becomes clear how reason functions as an important rhetorical trope in political discourse. Its plasticity and flexibility help reason stimulate and evoke variable mental images and responses in different settings and situations, all the more important because these go largely unnoticed. The example of reason of state shows reason's rhetorical power and privilege, its normative dimension, its persuasiveness, and its consequences. Seen in this light, a weak version of reason of state is preferable to a strong one. Pluralistic reason opens new paths for democratic thought and political action.     

Framing the IRA: beyond agenda setting and framing towards a model accounting for audience influence

Coverage of Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacks and the Northern Irish peace process is affected by both the country a media organisation is located and their format. The coverage of the IRA in 1996 was studied in five newspapers based in Ireland, Northern Ireland, the UK and the USA to reveal similarities and differences in language use, stories reported and general emphasis. The frequency of keywords was examined to show that the location a newspaper is based in affects the stories run by the newspaper. However, the format of a newspaper affects the framing of this coverage more than the location. These results were analysed through the lens of two leading theories pertaining to media–public relations: agenda-setting theory and framing theory. While both are shown to be partially useful in explaining the results, a more holistic view that accounts for public influence on media coverage would be even more useful. As a result of this narrow focus on only one part of media–public relations, the two theories do not exhibit predictive power, and further study should be conducted to expand their scope to encompass the public’s affect on media coverage.     

言语识别技术发展概述

本文着重综述并探讨了文件检验技术的重要组成部分——言语识别技术的学科发展历程、近30年学术成果现状、存在问题以及未来的发展思考.     

金尼阁的语言学思想和礼仪之争

1610年后，在华耶稣会会长龙华民在耶稣会内部掀起了著名的“礼仪之争”，它的一个核心问题，即是 Deus 的中文翻译。拉丁文 Deus 有两种译法：意译和音译。龙华民和其他一些传教士支持音译，而金尼阁则支持意译。本文通过对金尼阁的《1610年中国年报》、《1616年给耶稣会总长的报告书》和《西儒耳目资》三份历史文献的分析，从语言学的角度，来探讨金尼阁与“礼仪之争”的关系，特别是他对于 Deus 之翻译问题的看法，以及原因。本文并不赞同将“礼仪之争”简单地归之于欧洲传教士如何理解和对待中国文化的问题，它更是欧洲传教士如何对待欧洲文明与世界其他文明之间关系的问题。     

American and foreign terrorists: an analysis of divergent portrayals in US newspaper coverage

American news coverage of terrorist activity consistently portrays the attacker as abnormal, but the mechanics of this othering process are entirely dependent on the nationality of the attacker in question. Coverage of domestic terrorism stresses the attacker’s personal instability and contrasts the perpetrator with his or her victims, painting the terrorist as an anomaly in American society. Foreign attackers, with whom journalists more frequently apply the terrorist label, are othered in US news media through heavy emphasis on their association with distant groups and conflicts. To explore how framing techniques differ throughout coverage of domestic and foreign terrorists, two separate corpora of articles from popular American newspapers were systematically compiled. One corpus contained articles about American attackers, while the other contained articles about foreign terrorists. The corpora were processed using both corpus linguistics software and a comparative analysis of texts. Exploring the American media’s framing choices illuminates how popular biases and perceptions of terrorist violence came to be; framing theory asserts that communicating entities inevitably shape the story they relay, influencing the reactions of those who experience the event second-hand. Not only does news coverage use distinct framing patterns for American and foreign perpetrators, but those patterns foster a populace that conceptualises American and foreign terrorists differently.     

Culture,integration and African Renaissance

ABSTRACT

This article examines the role of language in negotiating power between Sudanese Arabists and Sudanese Africanists from a critical discourse analysis perspective (henceforth CDA). The aim is to demonstrate how extreme political discourse can jeopardise national unity. The article begins by summarising the basic tenets of the CDA theory and proceeds to examine Sudanese power-related discourse. Particularly, the article assumes both top-down and bottom-up approaches to analyse the discourses corresponding to the two groups, Sudanese Arabists and Sudanese Africanists. The top-down approach examines the discourse of the ruling Arab elites who have exclusive access to institutional discourse and communication. By contrast, although the Sudanese Africanist discourse was once considered illegal and could not be conveyed through public channels, in more modern times it has found the Internet, television and radio (among others) as avenues for dissemination. A number of socio-political groups, generally referred to as marginalised affiliations, are now initiating resistance discourse (henceforth RD) which goes hand in hand with their armed struggle against the ruling elites.     

关于推进法律语言学深入发展的思考

近些年来,我国的法律语言学得到了迅速发展,学科地位已经确立,但还存在诸多不足.当前,尤其需要引起注意并努力加以解决的是学科自身建设问题,即学科基本理论的深入研究和学科体系的健全和完善.     

电子计算机是现代语言学发展的杠杆

半个世纪以来，计算机科学与现代语言学携手同行。语言学在与电脑的互动中不仅诞生了其与数学交叉的分支－数理语言学，而且语言学自身各种流派的发展更加形式化、精密化和具操作性，即更贴近电脑的性能。电脑成为现代语言学发展的杠杆。另一方面，语言学又是电脑智能化发展的前提。目前的情况是，语言学的发展还不能满足电脑智能化发展的需求。