GENDER,NEIGHBORHOOD DANGER,AND RISK‐AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES AMONG URBAN AFRICAN‐AMERICAN YOUTHS*

Research consistently reveals that fear of crime and perceived risk are demographically and ecologically patterned. Women and individuals in disadvantaged community settings report increased fear and perceptions of risk. For women, these fears and perceptions are tied to concerns about sexual violence specifically, whereas for individuals in distressed neighborhoods, crime rates, “incivilities,” and poor police‐community relations are often identified as important correlates. Here, we build from the insights of previous research by examining the gendered nature of perceived risk and risk‐management strategies among urban African‐American adolescents. Our findings suggest that both risk and risk‐avoidance strategies are strikingly different for young women and young men and are shaped by the gendered organizational features of neighborhood life. We propose that future research will benefit by continuing to investigate how social vulnerabilities function in tandem to structure risks across ecological settings.     

Economic Stress,Psychological Well-Being and Problem Behavior in Chinese Adolescents with Economic Disadvantage

The association between perceived economic stress (current economic hardship and future economic worry) and adolescent adjustment was examined in 229 Chinese adolescents using children and parental reports of perceived economic stress. Parents displayed higher levels of current economic hardship and future economic worry than their children did and mothers had more worry about their children's economic conditions in future than the fathers had. Higher levels of economic stress based on ratings obtained from different sources were generally related to lower levels of existential well-being, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and mastery as well as higher levels of general psychiatric morbidity and substance abuse in adolescents. Relative to current economic stress perceived by adolescents, future economic worry perceived by adolescents was more strongly related to the psychological well-being of Chinese adolescents with economic disadvantage.     

论我国减刑、假释程序的重构

减刑、假释作为一项重要的行刑制度,是有效调动服刑人员认真接受改造、提高改造质量,使罪犯早日回归社会的重要的手段。但是,在当前运行的减刑、假释程序中存在监狱建议权侵蚀法院审判权、检察机关监督手段疲软、当事人诉讼参与权过少等弊端。针对现行减刑、假释中存在的问题,需要通过对相关法律的修改完善,重新构置减刑、假释程序,扩大减刑、假释运行的公开程度,加强检察机关监督力度,赋予当事人必要的诉讼参与权,来实现减刑、假释的公正。     

论民国时期（1924—1949）国民党三民主义意识形态的缺陷

民国时期国民党三民主义意识形态在建构上呈现保守性、垄断性和法西斯化趋向，在意识形态宣传运作上呈现弱势化和重军队政府轻视党务的特点，由此导致三民主义意识形态无能、无力渗透到基层，国民党的腐化劣化更使其意识形态宣传失去公信力。     

Assessing Cumulative Disadvantage against Minority Female Defendants in State Courts

Abstract

Prior sentencing research, especially research on cumulative disadvantage, has mainly focused on the treatment of male defendants. Little attention has been paid to female defendants, particularly minority female defendants. Drawing on the selective chivalry, evil women, and focal concerns perspectives and using data from the 1990–2009 State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS), this paper investigates the impact of race/ethnicity for female defendants across individual and successive stages in the sentencing process. The results indicate that ethnicity does not operate via indirect or direct pathways, and therefore no evidence of cumulative disadvantage against Hispanic female defendants was detected. The results, however, do suggest that race operates through direct and indirect pathways to cause more punitive sentencing outcomes for Black female defendants compared to White female defendants, thus providing evidence of cumulative disadvantage against Black female defendants. Theoretical, research, and policy implications are discussed.     

构筑现代化国际港口大都市的思考

现代化国际港口大都市首先是重要的国际性港口,同时还要具有雄厚的经济实力、规模可观的涉港产业、较强的综合服务功能和显示现代化特征的公用事业、生态环境等。天津成为现代化国际港口大都市具有独特的区位优势、竞争优势和港口优势,但在现代物流、涉港产业的发展以及城市整体综合素质等方面还存在着一定的差距。     

高职创造性实践教学存在的十大问题

当前高职创造性教学实践中存在十大问题:思想上重视不足;基本建设投入不足;师资队伍的素质不尽人意;学生的基本素质缺失较多;校企合作、产学结合的机制不健全;教材建设相对落后;实践层次较低、创新较少;教学方法陈旧、手段落后;教学管理不到位、考评体系不完善;社会对高职教育认识的偏差等。     

RACIAL THREAT,CONCENTRATED DISADVANTAGE AND SOCIAL CONTROL: CONSIDERING THE MACRO‐LEVEL SOURCES OF VARIATION IN ARRESTS*

Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological issues. Using 2000 census and arrest data, we estimate the impact of multiple measures of racial economic threat, such as the size of the black population, racial inequality and black immigration patterns on black arrest rates. Furthermore, by integrating racial competition and race‐relations arguments, we examine how the concentration of black disadvantage may temper the extent to which blacks pose a threat to white interests. Our findings reveal important and conceptually distinct relationships between racial threat, concentrated disadvantage and the use of social control against blacks, particularly when compared to white arrests.     

关于网络教育的探讨

网络教育是一种新的教育形式。网络教育有利有弊 ,其优点是突破了传统教育在时间和空间上的局限性 ,扩大了受众面 ;其缺点是会对青少年产生一些负面影响。因此 ,只有把传统教育与网络教育相结合 ,互为补充 ,才能实现教育资源的优化。     

庭前会议：从法理到实证的考察

为了促进集中审理的实现,2012年刑事诉讼法增设了庭前会议程序。从规范分析的视角可见,该程序主要处理与审判相关的程序性争议,具有证据开示、非法证据排除、争点整理、沟通说服、程序分流和调解和解等六项功能。庭前会议既为集中审理做准备,又间接过滤不当起诉,以保障人权。通过样本分析可见,某些地方的司法机关将庭前会议中的证据异议等同于法庭质证,赋予庭前会议以裁决效力,这反映出司法实务部门过度追求效率的倾向。庭前会议制度的生长,应当在程序法定原则之下,既尊重庭审的中心地位,保持庭前会议与庭审的平衡,又充分释放其功能和影响,实现效率的最大化。