40 YEARS OF CHINESE REFORM AND OPENING UP ALONGSIDE CHINESE CONSTITUTIONAL STUDY

China has a long history of constitutional jurisprudence, bearing different academic missions in different eras. China’s constitutional jurisprudence, characterized by its academic logic and principled nature, has not only facilitated social development and progress but also actively played academic functions during the Chinese reform and opening up. This paper considers the social changes during the last 40 years of the policy’s implementation as the background and, by employing standardized and literature analysis methods, combs the main progress and evolution of the knowledge system during the 40 years of constitutional jurisprudence study, followed by a look into its future.     

中国宪法惯例问题辨析

中国是具有宪法典的国家,而没有所谓的不成文宪法。中国的宪法惯例必须紧紧围绕和依赖宪法规范才能存在和发展,如果主要的宪法规范都无法实施,宪法惯例一说就大为可疑,因为惯例是规范的"润滑剂"而非"溶化剂"。在这个意义上,宪法惯例和政治惯例不可混为一谈。至于中国宪法的实施途径,首要在于宪法的法律化和违宪审查机制的建立,那些零星、有争议的宪法惯例是无法独当宪政建设之重任的。宪法惯例的不恰当泛化,已构成对宪法规范性的直接挑战,因而有必要重申宪法的规范性。总之,寻求对中国宪法实施问题的解释,最紧要的不是去寻找和确认业已存在哪些宪法惯例,而是要去追问和探求是否存在宪法惯例发展的土壤和机制。     

The Convention Experience: Between Rhetoric and Participation

Abstract

This article investigates the participation of interest groups in the EU's Constituional Convention and their contribution to the debate on participatory democracy and EU governance. I argue that the constitutional moment prompted interest groups to define their priorities beyond focused policy issues to include wider principles of governance. While the Convention process was more inclusive that any previous treaty reform procedure, its institutional set up was a constraint to improving citizen participation either directly or via interest groups. The Convention reproduced a model of closed elitist politics which did not communicate sufficiently with the citizens, while the role of interest groups was restricted by a Convention designed as a drafting phase in preparation for the real decisive phase during the IGC. Despite the impact of specific domestic contexts, the ‘no’ votes in France and the Netherlands proved that civil society and participation were rhetorical devices deployed during the Convention to gain legitimacy rather than a genuine move towards a more pluralistic EU democracy capable of deploying effective mechanisms of active citizen participation.     

论刑法作为宪法的罚则及二者的关系模式

目前关于宪法和刑法关系的表述,是一种基于宪法文本的解读,没有论及当前的法律设计是否合理。宪法是法律世界的统领,为个人权利对抗刑罚权力提供平台,形成对刑法审视,并且贯穿定罪和量刑两大根本领域。具体而言,对宪法秩序的破坏是犯罪行为具有严重社会危害性的指针和标准;只有宪法才能说明刑罚的正当性来源于人民。因此,刑法是宪法的一种罚则,宪法在由精神、原则和规范所组成的框架内指引着刑法的创设和发展。     

劳动权的宪法释义及其救济机制研究

宪法视阈下的劳动权是指宪法规定的有关取得和选择工作的权利及获取劳动报酬的权利,它是一项综合性权利,由择业自由权与就业援助权为核心要素构成的一系列权利束。劳动权兼具自由权和社会权双重属性,它应受到宪法合理的限制。劳动权与公权力、私权利存在冲突,应通过比例原则与平等原则、倾斜原则与协调原则调适。宪法视阈下的劳动权具有可诉性,建立宪法主导下的法律保障体系,同时借鉴域外立法构建包括公益诉讼制度在内的司法救济和宪法救济模式,以确保劳动权的实现。     

Ubuntu. The missing link in the rights discourse in post-apartheid transformation in South Africa

ABSTRACT

A human rights discourse has been central to both the anti-apartheid struggle of South Africa and the country's post-apartheid transformation. But in the drive to extend constitutionally mandated social and economic rights to all South Africans, the approach has had shortcomings. The current neo-liberal economic policy framework constrains policy choices and, in some instances, restricts fair adjudication of rights by the courts. The revival of notions of African Renaissance and indigenous ethnophilosophies, notably ubuntu, which shares the primacy of human dignity of a rights discourse, offers new perspectives. This article looks at the limitations of the human rights discourse and at how ubuntu, as a principled basis for judicial decision making, can contribute to the evolution of the rights discourse in South Africa and lead towards greater realisation of constitutional rights for all.     

刑法视野下的法律拟制新探——价值协调与机制缺失

法律拟制大致经历了从诉讼拟制到实体拟制、从司法拟制到立法拟制、从技术拟制到规范拟制的发展进程,它是工具价值与规范价值相融合的产物,从本质上讲,它是一种有意识的＂立法类推＂。刑法拟制本身并没有是否违反罪刑法定原则的问题,只有法律拟制的工具价值是否受到规范价值的制约并与之协调的问题,对于我国刑法中拟制条款的质疑与检讨就是看其设置是否符合刑法的目的。法律拟制除了规范价值的内在制约外,还需要合宪性审查机制的外在制约。     

政治文明的宪政维度

政治文明是个历史的范畴 ,不能无指向、无语境地空谈。如果以近现代意义上的宪法诞生为界限 ,那么 ,在此之前的“政治文明”即古典政治文明 ,与宪政似无太大联系 ;但宪法诞生后 ,政治文明就与宪政形成了不可分割的结构性关联。从历史理性的角度看 ,宪政是近现代政治文明的必然选择 ,是近现代政治文明的基础与标志 ;从功能分析的角度看 ,宪政比民主更契合近现代政治文明的核心内容 ,更适合充当近现代政治文明之“核心”这一角色 ;从价值理性的角度看 ,宪政的“真”、“善”、“美”内质使其鹤立于一般的政治要素群 ,宪政乃近现代政治文明之灵魂。     

行政主体的义务范畴研究

行政主体的义务范畴是一个非常重要的行政法学理论问题,在现代法治政府之下政府行政系统的责任越来越突出,“责任政府”概念也成了政治学、行政法以及行政法学解释相关问题的基本概念。在责任政府这一现代理论的指导下,行政主体对公民、社会、国家承担义务就自然而然地成了行政法治以及行政法理论的核心问题,与之相对应,行政主体义务的基本范畴就成了近年来各国行政法学关注的热点问题。行政主体应具有推行宪法和法律,接受立法和司法监督,改善社会环境和促进社会发展,使国内事务与国际事务接轨等宪法义务;具有为行政相对人提供利益和保护,为行政行为说明理由和承担赔偿责任等行政法义务。